Category: Selective

The scholar Antonio Corso speaks at protothema.gr: "There are important findings that hasn't seen anyone except the excavators ' – ' Forms in painted epistylia referring to the victory of Alexander the great over the Persians, but Delphi»

The Italian scholar Antonio Corso, archaeologist and art historian, considered the world authority on ancient Greek sculpture, deposits in protothema.gr an original and completely documented interpretation disputed funerary monument of Amphipolis.

The main points of the interview, highlights:

– Yet, There is a relationship of the Mound of Amphipolis with the royal dynasty of Macedonia, the Timenides and the cycle of Alexander the great
– The same statues of Sphinxes and Karyatidwn exclude any other dating outside of the end of the 4th BC. century.
– Forms in painted epistylia referring to the victory of Alexander the great over the Persians, but in Delphi.
– The Tumulus erected ' blanketing ' a pre-existing sanctuary, dedicated to the local goddess Fyllis.

– What is your own interpretation summarized for the Tumulus of Amphipolis;

Very briefly, I think the tumulus of Amphipolis is clearly Macedonian, dates on the 330-320 e.g.. and build, probably by architect Deinokrati, in honor of some illustrious Warrior. This is documented, not only on the basis of those findings have been made public so far, but some who, as I am sure, It is to be revealed in the future. I firmly believe that there are very significant findings, confirming the date and identity of the monument, but that one, Besides the excavators, has not seen up to now.

I am convinced that Leo was on top of the Mound and, like all other sculptures (the Sphinxes, the daughters or ' Caryatids ' etc.) executed by Thasioys artists who, whether they were all in the same workshop, either they were partakers of the same notion of sculpture. The Caryatids, with their hands stretching toward the inside of the gate, should they held wreath, prospectively over the head of a statue, probably in a sitting posture, that was in the center of the first Chamber. He must have been the dead, in honor of which created the Tumulus, overwrapping and encircle the enclosure a gilofo who previously, as an epigram of Antipatroy of Thessalonikews, It was already a place of worship, dedicated to the local goddess Fyllis.

Particularly important finding for the interpretation of the monument I painted epistylia: The performances are divided into those, IE Win, the tripod, the bull, the Palm tree etc.. indicate a direct correlation with Delphi. In my view, This symbolic link with the sacred for the ancient Greek site of Delphi, leads to the conclusion that the Tumulus of Amphipolis is a monument dedicated to the war triumph of Alexander the great over the Persians. The Athenian general Kimon devoted among other things and a Palm tree in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi after his victory over the Persians on the Eurymedon River (469-466 e.g.). Inspired by this, the paraggeliodotes of the Mound in Amphipolis reiterated symbolic consecration in the great victory of the Macedonian army, that can only have helped the dead.
The whole monument is extremely important, because it testifies to the Hellenistic kosmoantilipsis turn into oversize, something that combined immediately with the totalitarian power.

– The head of the excavation, Mrs Katerina Peristeri, recently downplayed the importance of skeleton aneyrethentwn. You agree with this view;

It seems reasonable that, as excavators, the dead found they had bowled at that point ataktws, so I guess it wasn't those people which made the Tomb. Of Course, I don't know the original dead of Mound and I would imagine that no one can know when or if he will never know his identity. However, the reasons why build the monument, in order to render values in someone or some, It is evident from the painted architrave, with the Phoenix and other representations. In my opinion, the artistic and historical view of the Mound of Amphipolis have much greater importance. Because the Tomb is a shining monument, dedicated to Asian Macedonian campaign-and the Palm this clearly shows-, something that is far more important than the identity of the dead. At least I think I, as a historian of ancient art.

– You probably, though, that the Tumulus is linked to the dynasty of the Temenids or, whether or not, with the circle of generals on Alexander;

I believe that someone very high-ranking warrior was buried there and I agree with the excavation team architect, Mr. Michael Lefantzi, who has said something similar in his TV interview. Furthermore I believe that the Tomb had relation to the circle of Alexander the great, but not with the Olympiad as had been assumed, This is extremely unlikely. I see no reason why the Olympics is buried in Amphipolis, I don't see its connection with the victory over the Persians or someone strong bond of the Olympiad with Delphi. I don't want to go in vain nomenclature, for if it could be the Ifaistiwn or any other. What I think I, is that the Tomb was created in Amphipolis first of all because the tumuli, who was anyway a typical element of Greek cities, for the Macedonians became, somehow, the most important point of the urban landscape. While, as we know, in the classic "were" the most important center was the temple, the sanctuary.

– There is always the question "why in Amphipolis;»

Amphipolis was chosen, because it was the starting point of the expedition of Alexander the great. The Aigai and Pella were both important parts for the Macedonians, but they were not so closely connected with the campaign of Alexander the great. Extra, my own theory says that it wanted to put an illustrious dead at one point that was already sacred. If this was the heroon of Fyllidos (something that seems very likely because an was covered with green and trees, especially almonds, element characteristic of the worship of the people of the region for Fyllis), the space was already strong and kathosiwmenos’ the importance of this judgment for the.

– There is political symbolism in the enormity of the Mound;

In the period for which we discuss, i.e. the last quarter of the 4th BC. century, There is one innovation – love for larger dimensions, something that had already begun with the Mayswlo. The Latin term is magniloquentia, the maximalismos, which eventually leads to the Baroque. Is the idea of visualizing someone huge monuments, While the classical art doesn't likes to something, prefers the symmetry, the proportions, the «measure», est modus in rebus, or ne quid nimis, the ' Agan ' zero. On The Contrary, Macedonians tends toward the large and majestic oikdomimata, something that depends on totalitarian force. Shows the Gigantism because lots of things have changed in the ancient Greek conception of the world. A monument to the logic of Gigantism is in perfect harmony with the spirit of the season.

The monument and only with the dimensions of, It showed how important were the kings who built. I think someone from the wider Royal family were buried there and I wonder if the Antipater the Thessalonikeys, who lived in the time of Augustus, in an epigram that, If I remember correctly is the No.. 705 the 7th book, Describes the Amphipolis, from which at that time had left only ruins. There the poet mentions a temple of Fyllidas that, probably is the current Tomb Kasta.

– In your own visa ignore completely the skeletal material and focus on sculptures and even in epistylia, in which there was ever given particular attention by the public, Despite the intense interest in the monument and its significance. How do you explain this;

Apparently, because I believe that the information can enlighten us and to solve our questions lie ahead. The statues and the paintings we talk-and performances, in my opinion, they say too many. For example, the dating of the Mound on which became so great debate, cannot be moved from the last quarter of the 4th BC. century-and this requires the format have the daughters (the "Karyatidai" is a conventional name prevail, essentially when the wrong). For various reasons it is not scientifically serious chronologoyme to the Tumulus of Amphipolis in the 1st b.c.. century, in Roman times, etc.. First of’ all, well, the "Korai" bear a kind of shingles underneath their breasts, which is very fashionable in sculpture around 340 e.g., as we know from the Attic Reliefs (Attic Document Reliefs or Urkundenreliefs).

Their sandals, also, are identical with those of a group of statues of this period, including e.g. the Hermes of Olympia, Artemis of Gabii, a typology of statues of Artemis which is usually attributed to Praxiteles-so it may not be very far from this dating- and later was copied ad nauseam by Romans sculptors, Apollo Belvedere, the "Artemis of Versailles ' etc..
Therefore, This whole network of comparisons rests firmly her daughters Amphipolis around 330 e.g., just based on the typology of their sandals. But we can analyze and Zig-Zag at the finish of the tunic of statues, which constitutes another Ionic model that was particularly popular among sculptors of the Artemision of Ephesus-and I am referring to the post-classic stage, about in 330-320 e.g..

Prokrinw the specific dating, especially based on the columna caelata, which is attributed to the great sculptor Skopas and bring these folds in zigzag order, Type "zig-zag". This is a pattern that occurs often in ionic workshops this period. The post-classic period is a phase of intense Ionian revival and so, the Ionic style is becoming very fashionable, both in architecture and sculpture.

– In your opinion, the Sphinxes and Caryatids were designed by the same artist;

The heads of the statues saved, of Karyatidas and the Sphinx, closely resemble the head of Dionysus from Thassos, as with the heads of Aetidwn, from the ysteroklassiko Temple of Apollo in Delphi.

Dionysus of Thassos is a marble head, which has been found in Thassos, kept in the Museum and dated in there 330-320 e.g.. This, as to the artistic and technical characteristics are extremely close to the head of the Sphinx was found in the tomb of Amphipolis. The aesthetic and technical comparison is revealing and, in my opinion, justifies the conclusion that, not only the marble as a raw material, but also the laboratory undertook to painted Tomb sculptures came from Thassos. Also, There is another head, female, which was found in the Temple of Hercules in Thassos, that looks extremely, This time not with the head of the Sphinx, but with her head Karyatidas.

Judging from photos, as I have not seen in person the monument, I would say that the Sphinxes and Caryatids are manufactured by two different thasitikoy marble veins, but both come from the same quarry.

In what,What is symbolism, in my opinion, one could say the following: First of all, There is a close link with Apollo and the sanctuary of Delphi, in which the sovereign God was Apollo, though, Once he left for the country of Yperboreiwn, Dionysus replaced. This mixing Apollo and Dionysus, refers to a single point of Greek territory of that era: Delphi. Why I believe this is the following: (a)) The overall silhouette of Karyatidwn closely resemble the Sifnian treasure trove of Daughters in Delphi. (b)) The Sphinxes were sacred forms dedicated to Apollo, something that cannot be disputed.

– You give great emphasis on epistylia. What is your theory about’ These;

I think the item that gives us evidence for the connection of the monument of Amphipolis with Delphi are the painted epistylia. It is critical that bonanza because there is a tripod and a genus Arecaceae, as it was dedicated by kimon in Delphi after the victory over the Persians in the Eurymedon (469-466 e.g.). So, We re-use of foinikodentroy in the painted architrave, as this symbol of the victory of the Greeks over the Persians in Asia minor, the pattern was for art genikotera. This is due, of course, the Macedonians to victory over the Persians in Asia. I'm sure you'll find other elements that will confirm that this monument was created in honor of a victory of the Macedonian army and speak for the Tumulus total.

Also in an engraved architrave, the impeller shape beyond doubt, It seems that is a victory. At my disposal I only have the photos published by the MINISTRY of CULTURE, I imagine though that what you've seen, like anyone else, It is not the only part of an epistyle is an engraved, There should be more.

As for the bull, He, of course, represents Dionysus, It can't be something else, because it dominates with its size in the composition. Already at the Evripides Bachkes refers to Dionysos as a creature with the features of Taurus and we must not forget that the Bacchae of Euripides were presented for the first time in Macedonia, in the courtyard of Pella. Thanks to the tragedy of Euripides, There is a strong bond of Taurus with Dionysus.

In epistylia we see that both styles tend toward the bull, who is at the center of this show. These all, in my opinion, talk about a Dionysian representation and can relate to the era in which it was constructed the monument, If it is known that Apollo was returning from the land of Yperboreiwn in the middle of summer, as we know from the poet Alcaeus. Therefore, Maybe it has something to do with the period that Dionysus was the ruler of Delphi and anyhow, There are reports from several other famous sculptures, the so-called opera nobilia.

Dionysus had very great importance for Alexander the great. I would say that the period during which build the Tumulus is a time when the spirit of change. The gloom was abandoned and this excitement, the exapsei that causes Dionysus is considered typical of totalitarian power. So Dionysus becomes the most important God for the Macedonians.

We also know that Alexander the great was a drinker, We would say "a very robust glass" and is transported back cueing techniques in crowd representations concerning him. Is the period that the Greek spirit abandons the cold rationality of the classical period and everything tend to dionysiasmo, the abuses and the baroque conception of the world-these are all about the specific attitude to life, which are characteristic and important.

– See other symbolism in Memorial;

The Caryatids are closely connected with death. Even on the Acropolis of Athens, the Korai are considered sentinels of the tomb of between Evmolpos. The Sphinxes, for example, It wasn't as much butt they think. One had her head turned inwards and outwards. And in it there was, of course, symbolism: One look to the outside world, of live and the other towards the inner workings, in the world of the dead. The Sphinxes stand on the boundary, between the Kingdom of the living and the dead. But the whole sequence of cubicles that leads to the deepest point of the Mound gives emphasis to this route from life to death. Therefore, constitutes a religious or even psy-agwgiki experience. There are other examples of such complex of monuments, for example, Pausanias mentions the Heroon of Trofoniou in Livadia. The Trophonius was one of the two architects of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Then became a hero and even with therapeutic properties, for’ This divination and became the subject of worship. All these are related to the heroic beliefs, which had acquired great importance during that period. The therapeutic qualities of heroes and deities, a characteristic element of this period, the Salvation, emerges in principal mental need for people. Therefore, the Tumulus of Amphipolis answers to spiritual needs.

– So, Besides burial, the monument of Amphipolis was extra and devotional;

I think all the elements compose a clear reference: Apollo was the God who gave the victory to the Macedonians. Apollo is associated with Delphi, as Dionysus, who during the specific period is equally important with Apollo. In the Temple of Delphi, in the Eastern gable apeikonizontan Apollo with Muses and on Western Dionysus among the Thyiades (Maenads). Therefore, the monument of Amphipolis distinguish all elements of spirituality, that is the end of the 4th century BC.

* O Antonio Corso is an Italian archaeologist and art historian, skilled in the architecture and the ancient Greek sculpture. Author 11 books and more from 100 Special articles, Mr. Corso is regarded worldwide as a pundit on Praxiteles to whom he has dedicated the largest part of the project's scientific. Antonio Corso studies constitute a point of reference for the scientific community in the industry. By the 1980s the Greece is the basis of Mr. Corso, Although successive scholarships and his collaborations with leading research centers around the world to compel him occasionally migrates in countries like Britain, the Germany, the Hungary, the Sweden, the Russia etc.. However, deeply convinced that Greece is the land of plenty for the scholar of ancient Greek civilization, Antonio Corso always returns to Athens.

http://www.protothema.gr

The pyramid of Amfionos is probably the most subversive modern archaeological discovery! The finding revealed a world forgotten, a culture that puts in a new theory of the pyramids, leading the Greeks to claim another major trophy. The wondrous world of Greek history confirms again the greatness of!

The literature on the pyramids and the pyramidal buildings in Greece is widening in recent years along with the monuments that disclosed or investigated anew, historical, morphological and functional. In particular the pyramidal monuments of Argolis, for which we'll talk para down, considered beacons (buildings in which they lit fire to impart a message off) or quartering areas and, However, the time the determination was, in’ all, with exogenous historical criteria, i.e. the arbitrary condition (Note that pyramids and pyramidal buildings schon Greece were unthinkable before the expedition of Alexander the great in Egypt, the "cradle" of pyramid construction!

THE DISCOVERY OF TWO IROON TAFOY TIS ELLINIKIS MYTHOLOGIAS
Morphological and chronological aspects of the pyramids of Greece even in tethi new basis in the investigation of the monuments of architectural space of Amfeioy, Thebes in Boeotia. Specific, with the excavations demonstrated that the Hill on which, According to the legend, they had buried the Thebans Dioskouri, the Zithos and Amphion, study on graded by had pyramidal monument!

For the topography and the naming of the hill that there were reasonable and safe recordings of ancient tradition. The tragic poets of Athens of the 5th and 4th century BC., who raised issues of dramaturgy from the so-called Theban Cycle, i.e. from the tragic fate of the House of Labdakidwn, by topografisan’ points of natural necessity and monumental environment of Thebes, in the context of which evolved the action heroes of their tragedies.

First Aeschylus, in his dramatic masterpiece Seven against Thebes, left us a brilliant description and a reference to the natural landmarks of the Acropolis-the Kadmeias thibaϊkis- but at the gates of the wall of the. In front of these walls were lined up the seven lochagoi of Peloponnesian campaign against Thebes, in order to install on the throne of the ekdiwchthenta Labdakidwn Polynices.

THE HUGE IMPORTANCE OF ANAKALYPSIS TIS ELLINIKIS PYRAMIDAS ' GREAT '
Our age is unquestionably the era that the Mesanatolikokentrikes God mesoyranoyn and impose the control effects and their parameters in too many areas of everyday public and silent.

But in today's obscurity Thiva, just at the point where the ancient tradition but also all written testimonies of the place, was about thirty years ago by the archaeologist Theodore Spyropoulos an important discovery kosmoϊstorikis, that however remains unknown and paragkwnismeni, Although you may change all the up to date historical-and not only- data: Found the ancient tomb of Dioskouroi, Zithoy and Amfionos, According to all sources were buried together!

But why this discovery is so important;
Not only because the visitor today can no longer touch the same national Memorandum where were two heroes of Greek mythology! Thing that means that these heroes actually lived and with them played out Ali thina events, some of us have become accustomed to consider as a omichlwdoys time events, in which place persons in situations virtually nonexistent or very much symbolic!

But beyond this shocking confirmation exists and something else, even more unsettling: The Tomb in which found the tomb of heroes, It is the last section-the top i.e.- a huge degree of pyramid midwtis, which is the whole current Hill of Amfeioy! And this Hill is traversed by endless-and unexplored- underground galleries of five metres, sculpted in the rock!
Maybe, However, the syntaraktikotero is that this large Greek Pyramid, can be dated securely around 2700 e.g.! Thing which means it is clearly older than the great pyramid of Khufu, but from the earliest Egyptian pyramid, that of Zozer!
In a nutshell, the pyramidal shape is a Greek invention and from here "exported" in Egypt, but throughout the rest of the world! Of course the topic has even greater ramifications, After this same pyramidal shape presupposes and implies pre-existing religious, policies, social and other similar structures!
We understand well how much stuff spilling the amazing quest of anakaly (I). Spyropoulos… Greek mythology becomes, with exhibits and artifacts, Greek history and even one and a half Millennium earlier than they want to exhibit some agony! One smiling now, When thinking how to officially dating another Greek pyramidi party construct, the famous pyramid of the Greek: Need, says, to build after the era of Alexander the great, Since then only the Greeks came in contact with Egypt to replicate the midiko pyramid shape! And it's called science…
At the same time, We understand and why the kosmoϊstorikis importance of Amfeioy archaeological revelation remains completely aposiwpimeni and let the indifference and ignorance (at the same time that the theories of m. Bernal l. x. yperproballontai…), to the point that today the place that can bring up and down world history is almost a dump…
Here of course it is not n’ develop the thorny problem of monumental topography thibaϊkis regarding the antiquity of the wall of the Kadmeias and the seven gates, to which even the seven igitores antistoichithi of infamous SC Secretariat staff should always ekstra, considered that took place before the Trojan.
Whether Aeschylus refers to the original gates of the Acropolis or kyklwpeioy wall and gates of the city wall of broader historical times, It is an issue that goes beyond the framework of this topic. Moreover, This is an issue exhaustively developed in studies of eminent researchers in the thibaϊkis monumental topography, as Fabricius, the Willamowitz and particularly Keramopoullos, Antony. The latter, in the monumental textbook of Thibaϊka, in Archaeological Bulletin 3 (1917), developed all relevant issues, without-fear- to always results in secure identifications.
In what,but in terms of topographic position of Amfeioy, all the scholars and the Theban line investi can agree that it is a hill that is located to the North of Kadmeias, from which separates a deeper initially-richoteros today due to silting- neck, Once in this position there is no other natural landmark point, that corresponds to the reports of the tragic. Especially Aeschylus writes (Seven against Thebes, 526):"And fifthly n t, I say / prostachthenta borraiais pylais pemptaisi / by tymbon’ This diogenoys Amfionos».
C ' Borraiai Pylai» Aeschylus did not supervise may be placed elsewhere, except at the north end of the oval Kadmeias, which narrows at the end this. However, endless nanti from these gates there is a natural and monumental milestone: The Hill and the tomb of Diogenous Amfionos, who bears the name Amfeion. Everywhere around the milestone that lies the fertile plain of Thebes, the Territory Aonion.
Aeschylus in addition record the Hill and the funerary monument of Thiva Dioscuri, as Meteor-i.e. high milestone- the tragedy and the Suppliants, 662, When he writes: "Tanks (d)’ vehicles (I) / Amfionos enerthe semnwn threads» (see. and: "Besides the Zithoy ' amfimnima / Evripidou The Phoenician Women, 145). This verse indicates the Hill and, on the top of the tomb of Zithoy, which bypassed the Parthenopeus to highlighted at the gates of Kadmeias, the so-called Borraiwn or Wgygiwn Portals, that in the works of all the Tragic are linked to the Hill of Amfeioy.
This well researched natural Hill at the beginning of the 20th century. Antony Keramopoullos,, thereby establishing the testimony of Pausanias 9,17,4: "Zithw and Amfioni in Earth soil is common th mega». In this way, the traveler of the 2nd century. a.d. on the other hand’ a rescued the tradition that they were buried in Dioskouri Thebans common gravesite, on the other hand’ then eyewitnesses described it as the Tumulus of mnimatos as "common Earth soil th mega».
Fri’ but the whole Keramopoullos, EPI assured with the research of the small height of the Mound in the top of the Hill (3 measures approximately over the Hill, It has a height of approximately 35 measures), failed to identify the common grave of the Dioscuri, which we have brought our systematics research during the period 1970-1973!
So, the "mythological" tradition of a Sima ntikoy and venerable monument of the prehistoric culture of Greece, was entirely accurate!
But our research has not stopped here. The Tumulus covered the common grave of the Zithoy and the Amfionos, It was seen that there was dirt simple, but colon shape Romanian construction cone with Adobes, in the northern part of which had become the great-of course common-CIST grave of two heroes. A monumental burial installation with IE kalyptiria huge plate and double door on the north side of close!
The sylimeno grave diataragme to found skeletal remains and three gold Orna Mata krinopapyrwn EUR 0,033 m. (33 mm), with double spiral on the basis of oppositional anthers and strain that resulted in mounting yoke. Of Course, There were a lot more members, one or possibly two necklaces, which anadeiknyan the I WOR and priestly Office of two Princes. (Something similar are the flowers of KRI mind-Papyrus, the bearing and the Prince of the "achaean" Knossos in the famous toicho PHY Prince with the lilies, strating that anadei, in general admission, the priestly office…)
The gold jewelry, the nicest of the Greek area and the findings of the Tomb (It, skyphos) date the pitchers of the tomb and the Mound that covers, in the Prwtoelladikoys II times, i.e. in the period 2700-2400 e.g.!
Despite the objections and the attempt by the scholars to taxes katabibastei hrono λογία and gold jewelry and the Mound to the next Elladiki Period (2000-1700 e.g.), our dating is generally accepted today and is the starting point for the dating and the spatial distribution of the shape of the mound in Greek, but the European space!
Briefly, the princely epitaph Tumulus of Amfeioy is not a known sample and process type Kurgan burial Mound, It is found in Central Europe, the Eurasian zone and South Balkan (Albania). The tumuli are Kurgan burial monuments multiple burials (multiple burials) and their offerings are different from those of the Amfeioy and other tumuli of Greece, in which I encouraged burial jars, bronze objects and pottery typical Greek-Mediterranean and not "European". This undoes the attempt to link the elladikoi tumuli with the bodies of their presumed use mound Kurgan and IndoeyrwpaIoys stakeholders that then, supposedly, for the first time (PEII / IP III period, 2200-2000 e.g.) entering Greek territory… However, Neither the archaeological, Neither the legal sense picture of the Greek area support such theories, as we will see below.
The Tomb is indigenous epitaph shape and signal, evolved from small-slip knots tym of Neolithic times and taking monumental dimensions and monumental form from the Middle Bronze age, proportional to IOS Office of igemonos-deceased. The latter apathanatizetai in memory of the nation and with the epitaph tymboeides bulge, that Homer describes as "Trade Mark" tilay, compatible with the nature of the Mound as commemorative of the glamour of the deceased ruler.

THE TYMBOS THRYLIKOS
But our research has not stopped here. The Tumulus at the top of the Hill stood at the end of a section of the Hill, which had koloyrokwniko shape (cone with two webs, up and down) and a height of approximately 4 m. from one surface to another.

On the basis of this part of the Hill was purely a perimeter zone, a stomach ache, they tried to interpret the Keramopoullos,. Of Course, He is right, of course-!- considered that it was artificial and not natural.

Hypothesized, well, that the stomach ache that was a processional Street ' rituals '. Such rituals suggest the Oracle of Bakidos, a seer from the Arcadia of the archaic times. According to the Oracle it, the Thebans had to guard the tomb of the inhabitants of Tithorea, who, When the Sun was in Taurus Star Agency (May), attempted to steal sub soil from the Amfeion and the post bear home. The soil it carried in tomb of fwkoy, who was the wife of Antiope, mother of Lioskoyrwn of Thebes.
Pausanias used the verb "yfai reisthai" to describe the action of the inhabitants of Tithorea: "YfafeIsthai (d)’ ethe loysin re’ This land in the Fwkidi Tithorean nots ".
The Keramopoullos, contemplates any factual meaning of the term and wondered if this was normal Hill format, ther. Fri’ all these, made the mistake to classify as Byzantine aqueducts some of tunnels in the Hill, which seemed when he visited the tarmac road Athinon-lamias…
” Eventually, our research showed that the "yfaireisthai" of Pausanias was one of the two parameters of the Amfeioy pyramidos, i.e. its internal tunnels!
” The other parameter is the same configuration of dwti Hill bathmi, with such carving, in order to get the tribathmo shape, on top of which built the Tomb and the tomb of Zithoy and Amfionos common, that gave the name of the Hill, «Amfeion» or «Amfion». (see. Xenofontos Greek, 5,48: "and for the Amfeion thesthai agagontes ekeley being weapons», Arrianoy 1,8,6,7 and Plutarch on the sprite Iwkratoy, 4: "The Arch'ias Theokriton and now the kalesas Lysanorida prosagagwn long time ekneysas own speaks of the road under the Micron Amfion»).
The discovery of the pyramid-shaped Hill experiences started from the finding that a few meters below the Peridromo, at the base of the upper cone of the Hill, There was also a second similar km/by stomach ache, who was fthe'i by pachytates katakaly form, trees and bushes, that made it invisible. The APO also revealed that peridromoy cover and even a koloyro Cone, While, as per our skafi, It seemed and still a third principle. The latter though, It is virtually katachwsmenos, In addition to the East side, where there was a bed of Chrysorroa. And even further East, There was the city of the historical Market, but not the Roman Empire railroad, times, the ending of which stipulated the ancient theatre.
The cones of the Hill were measured as follows (imputed value):
* the Tumulus 2,20 m.
* the first cone 4,40 m.
* the second Cone 8,80
* the third Cone 17,60 m.

ROUTE INSTRUMENTS in amazing tunnels of a hill
The Hill of Amfeioy has laxeyetai recommendation psammoli thiki and relatively easily, but the citizenship of epifa undergoes weathering the weather. However, This does not apply to the inside of, where the tunnels perfectly rithikan in-depth maintain your speed over 20 m. The main access to the Interior of the Hill made from vertical shaft, approximately one meter diameter, which was revealed at the perimeter of the plinthinoy mound, his large Tomb borei as the top of the Hill.
A second well on the western slope, slightly oblique, served the ventilation and lighting of the Interior, as is the case in the underground Egyptian monuments memorandum.
The tunnels inside the Amfeioy project is diligent and sophisticated. From the Central shaft leads, East one, in a trifylloschimi notch of the rock, West does not, in an ashlar scale, that puts the Po level of tunnels. These tunnels run throughout the Interior of the Hill in straight segments, right angles which form a maiandroeidi Grill around the Interior of the Hill! The height of tunnels is 5 measures and the creatures description 1,80 m., While the roof is arched!
At irregular intervals, bifacilal, opened in rock alcoves EUR 2,5 m., kamarwtes up, the largest amount of which has been wrapped by pieces of rock.
Our path inside of the Hill was an exciting transfer in the world of legend. The twenty meters depth of kata koryfoy our shaft brought daily with a Clipboard lifting mechanism in the bowels of Amfeioy and in the elaborate tunnels of, which run with individual guard and awe, tethered with cords in order not to perish in the unexplored daida Luce!
The scientific search stirred the human curiosity, the admiration for the amazing structures and our emotion, which was so deep, and the depth of shafts and tunnels that bring us to the mysterious world of the dead, trying to discover the eternal dwellings!
But unfortunately it has left us! Not even had time to run all the underground tunnels, to the design and the photo grafisoyme…
However, our experience, Although short, It is always shocking and magic” the Interior of commercial Amfeioy is the amazing underground monument of Greece that must be investigated and given to the public! And this is very easy from the lateral exits of the tunnel, located next to the existing roads! The legendary and the magic have taken monumental under stop inside the Amfeioy and from coverage of underground tombs is the vindication of our Tradition and our own-atelesforwn, Unfortunately- research efforts and.

THE OTHER GREEK AREA OF GIZA
For the remaining pyramids of capadocia indications are atelestates. In the author's book Word Axios and researcher Chris Lazou, Pyramids in Greece, ekdo tions Aeolus, recorded seven pyramids:

1. The pyramid of Hellinikon
2. The pyramid of Ligoyrioy
3. The pyramid of Dalamanaras Argolida
4. The pinnacle of Caterpillar, New Epidaurus in Argolis
5. The pyramid of Sicyon
6. The pyramid of Neapolis in Laconia (Biglafia)
7. The pyramid of Amfeioy in Thebes

The author briefly describes the dismal condition of most of the monuments are in his article "we pyrami view in Greece!» in Focus magazine, vo 35, January 2003, SLE. 98: "The pyramid of the Greek is the best preserved, with approximately nine masonry structures found style (6-7 measures).
Is she in Ligourio, flattened, of which there are very few saves only its lower stones, especially in the downhill. The pinnacle of Caterpillar survives on little ruins, mainly the front side with the entrance and the pyramidal angle of. The pyramids of Dalamanaras, of Sicyon and she in Biglafia had been destroyed, with the difference that the last saved only the moat that surrounded. End, the tiered pyramid of Amfeioy, Thebes, has undergone so many interventions and disasters, It is difficult to discern the shape of».
In the latter case, the author obviously refers to the installation of a system of Scouts on the pyramid with the permission of the State, Although he had already anakaly application have been referred and the Tomb in Thebes and the Dioscuri gradient formation of Hill.
On the other hand the Hill meanwhile was Grove and was planted with pines, the roots of which cause damage to the surface of monuments th. Among the pines, Digger cleared a narrow area to discover the Hill gradient formation in pyramidal monument. Distinguished, from the bottom up, the rungs 1,2,3 and the two intermediate sections, While at the top of the Hill stands the-invisible in the photo- "tumulus" with the common grave of the Zithoy and the Amfionos.
Gradient shape has until now only the pyramid of Amfeioy, While the rest look Beauti encouraged to belong to the type of normal sided pyramidos, with smooth surfaces and construction of surfaces, epimelesteris or ypotypwdoys sculpt. The pyramid of the Greek has among large surfaces and smaller stones, a technique known in prehistoric buildings in Greece, not only in the cyclopean walls, but in oldest built apartments and construction, as the prwtoelladika ' mounds ' of Kwpaidas.
The u.s. study of the Irich Karstedt (Per Kopaissee im Altertum und die «i minyschen» Kanale, Arch. Anzeiger, 1937, SLE. 1 JV) grammisei that the Sub had walls of prehistoric structures in any way is not a presumption of their exact dating. Other researchers do not, have emphasised that, from the ancient walls, those who stand out for their manufacturing peculiarity are the walls of the buildings (mainly naϊkwn) of geometric times, distinguished with the "mikrolithiki" the structuring (steinekeinigkeit). Therefore, the chronology of the pyramids with only the criterion of their Builder is risky and futile.
Only the excavations and the application of modern methods of dating can determine the chronological horizon construction of these unique monuments, keeping the expectation to grow numerically with the progress of the investigation. However, Despite the possible survival of an original shape, It is obvious that the pyramids of Greece (but also of Egypt) expressions of culture and practical approach of an era, a cultural cycle that the «discovered», the structured and mopoiise used for his own needs and his own philosophy sees or worldview, fact essential for interpretation and their dating. The final use and sending more powered almost undisguised. For Pausanias the Greek Midas pyramid was burial polyandrio.
As written by Xr. Lazos (as above, SLE. 9: "Pausanias called the pyrami view polyandria (the Greek and Dalamanaras), meaning the tombs of many individuals and not a. The small forts were polyandria that hosted a limited number of soldiers. The Arvanitopoulos argues that this was the emblem of the Greek tomb and that beneath the hill there is a probability that is the grave of a prominent person. As a polyandria-forts consider the pyramids of the Lord, Wiegand, Fracchia-he believes that defence towers were some of Andalusian-while Leake, Ross, Vischermi Clark agree with Pausanias, that was a funerary monuments. However, no bones were found in the pyramids… Most likely, or equally likely is the view that considers buildings beacons, broadcasters Pty fwtei messages with the method of pyrseias, which support the Cirtius, Donaldson, Tsountas and Manatt. End, the team of the Academy of Athens supports the very terms that promote thimeni likely to be astronomical observatories).
It is obvious that it is full sygchy point! The Xr. Lazos writes that pyramid in Biglafia of lakonia "had become an obsession for me and I tried to locate ten times. Eventually I found the 1995. All that survives from this is the moat that surrounded ". But nobody has explained to us what serves a moat around one pyrami da, for which the Lazos suggests "different architecture" and notes: «located on a rectangular base, surrounded by a wide moat and saves only its lower stones must be rectangular stones, as we distinguish the various stones that come from’ This and have used the surrounding folds» (as above, SLE. 9.
Pausanias, as we all know, considered this Midas pyramid tomb of Kinadwnos, Master of Menelaos. For the wide moat that surrounds the pyramid of Biglafiwn and memory pitha restore original shape will syggrapsoyme special study. It is obvious of course that each Monument requires its own research and interpretation, and certainly the exact dating.
So will only prove their potential diachronic, the possible survival of shape and any destination or the initial integration of all in a cultural and’ contains chronological horizon, that for us is the most likely version. We believe such a horizon, the early and middle age of hull technical, the period of the minyakoy culture of Greece, the Millennium of burgeoning culture tion of Minywn in Greece and beyond (2700-1700 e.g.). This State, the cultural agency that has, for us, invent and promote the pyramidal shape not only in Greece, but the wider area.
But what is the purpose, What is the starting point and the operation of these buildings; The tomb was clearly Amfeion. On top of the grave of Rulers, the Dioskouroi of Thebes, Zithoy and Amfionos. The Tomb he probably was the center of worship of heroes, institutions of the city of Thebes. In anereynito unfortunately, the Interior of the Hill are presumed to be arguably others tombs. There it refers and the reference of Pausanias for tymbw rychwn attempts inside the Hill («yfaireisthai»), and the grave yard of Hill-Monument, as well as pyres of Niobidwn despite the lofon.
So, the Hill and the pyramid of Office like as not only landfills of rulers the Dioscuri of Thebes, and their families, functioned as "polyandrion" and at the same time as their opsimoys irwolatreias space until times of antiquity! From this point of view, the pyramidal shape was not only utilitarian ierarchoyse the graves in which the Office of the dead, but capturing and sanctity of eternal dwelling of Rulers, of heroes.
The pyramid of Amfeioy, gradient Exo inside and poaching internally, It is the most important, After Lacedaemon, our national Memorandum of minyakoy culture.
Unfortunately, the elaborate this grid has not been investigated, because the signer Digger was transferred from the headquarters of the year 1973…
We underline once again the monumental construction, the complicated route of tunnels, the excellent preservation of laxeysewn… Of Course, the Interior of the miatafiki economy Amfeioy served and practice, which reinforces the similarity with the Egyptian funerary monuments of ancient and Middle Kingdom, in which there are also tunnels, scales and niches, as in Amfeio. The elaborate structure of tunnel route correctly interpreted as a ploy to mislead the tymbwrychwn!
This grid of tunnels in the commercial Amfeioy Interior, which of course was known in antiquity, commented-unbeknownst to IOS, probably- Pausanias, with the ' yfafeisthai d conservation parati’ etheloysi re’ This land in the Fwkidi Tithorean nots ", hinting, apparently, action tymbwry tests inside of the monument.
Fri’ the investigation of Amfeioy stayed imite lis and the shaft was closed with cement after removal of the signer excavator, the findings and survey data have been enough to tekmiriw Soun interpretation as a funerary monument of bathmidw of Early bronze age (2600-2400 e.g.. that is the oldest of the great pyramid!)!

THE THRYLIKOI MINYES AND TECHNOLOGIKA KATORTHWMATA SOOOO TOUS.
The Amfeio well, necessarily put us in an important reflection: There was indeed another important culture in Greece before the Mycenaean Culture and, If Yes, What was the starting point, the duration and characteristics of; The research of Amfeioy led the excavator in the dating of the epanektimi colossal project of Kwpaidos from straggistikoy, that tradition was connected with the Minyans of Orchomenus Boetian. The Orchomenos 77(1) already in Homer referred as Minyeios, While slow cially Pindar reiterated the connection with the Minyans in expression: «Bishops ' Minywn Palaifatwn.
Dienergisa excavations, so in mounds of drainage canals of kwpaϊdikis basin, and in ther parties of "great Ponor»,, that is the main water artery of the diverter kwpaϊdikis Lake to Larymna via an artificial tunnel length 2,5 km, with Professor S. Lauffer, University of Munich, witnessed that the huge drainage work had all paid and work in the Sun of the Millennium b.c..
This was another indication that before the Mycenaean era, Greece became experienced a high technological culture, which in turn presupposed proportional administrative organization. These items, however, were very disturbing to scholars those, He promoted the theory that the mycenaeans founded the oldest culture in Greece and faced with prejudice or even contemptuous indifference, but they can cancel, Since these are based on archaeological data!
Buildings ' palatial ' character of the early Bronze age front, i.e. of the third millennium b.c., revealed in Greece, Thebes (arched building) lerna (State of residence), in Akkobitika of Messinia… Last even, apokaly dismissing Thebes, the "seat" of Amfeioy, palatial building and relic wall of Kadmeias, as well as great "tumulus" from mud bricks-bricks. All the above assessed in prwtoelladikoys times chronolo, so it finds contemporary GE of Amfeioy pyrami. The conclusion is self noito: the Greece enjoyed before the naϊko and one of myki’ just as thriving and, I believe, akmaiotero culture, the duration of which covered the third and the beginning of the second Millennium b.c., virtually an entire MI CADE (2700 until 1700 e.g.)!
The culture he had administrative palatial organization and monumental burial architecture and high technology, hydraulic start and not only! Not particularly brilliant, During this period there was the metallurgical technology, as shown by our own per skafes in the village of Agioritika and the Strait of Tegea, two spaces which currently represent the most important and archaiote RI metallurgy, not only in Greek, but throughout the Mediterranean and the euro ence at national, European space!
We we featured this culture "Minyako» and the period of time of development" ("Minyan") period "of proϊstori technical culture of Greece, covering the Millennium 2700-1700 e.g.. This is included in the Millennium and the so-called early Helladic Era (2700 until 2100 e.g.) and the first two subdivisions of Μεσοελλαδικής era awaren legome (With I and II), After the third tier of, the ME III, There is archaeological and historical "», but lying or rather is the borderline between two cultural circles: Of the minyakoy and of the Mycenaean civilization.
Now it is worth researching and jobs the minyako meleti Millennium culture 2700-1700 e.g., as a substantive high culture istic circle, in all aspects and ekfan tions of.
Follows, will distinguish from both the long neolithic culture of Greece (7000 until 3000 e.g.), and shall the x, the Mycenaean civilization (1700/1600 until 1100 e.g.), by the end of which consistent sympi and end the so-called prehistory of Greece. Why the minyakos account of Greece culture emerges as the standard by which our culture was the Mycenaean, in terms of political organisation, Tomb architecture mnimeiwdoys, technology, worship, but literary oyrgias standar, as we develop our other Mele timata.

THE PROBLEM OF CHRONOLOGISIS
The dating of the pyramid of Amfeioy in the third millennium b.c.. several issues anekinise Mata, Although scholars aren't recorded the starting point of the new da kypse reflection after the announcements and our dimosiey ments… The investigation centered on the reaction of the well-known pyramidos chronolo in Greek of Argolis, which was considered Hellenistic times, According to the dating proposed by the American archaeologist Lord (Hesperia 1938,481-527).

The new date was based on a new excavation investigation of the monument and in application of the method of thermoluminescence. Researchers of the monument, teachers Theoharis and Lyritzis, witnessed that the pyramid of the Greek dating to the early third millennium b.c.. With this survey was the ancient chronological setting of the pyramids of capadocia, as was shown by the excavation and study of the Amfeioy of Thebes stepping pyramidos. So, the pyramids of Greece – at least two of the most important, both the step, and the schema tetrapleyroy- is not of Hellenistic site, but the prwtoelladikwn years! There were works of the third century but of the third millennium b.c.!

The discoveries and these findings defeat all the mainstream of our time, but it was compatible with ancient Tradition, which usually describe as "mythological", aplopoiitika and generalizing. The "mythology" of these two monuments rescued much later touring ' literature ' of Pausanias. The pyramid and the tomb of the Amfeioy tradition of Thebes, He was rescued by Pausanias, the link with the common grave of Thiva Dioscuri, which compound contained in Homer as the first built wall in Kadmeia (Odyssey, (l) 260).

"The first Thibis edos built eptapyloio
pyrgwsan t ', Although th apyrgwton epe'i c’ nanto edy
spacious Thibin naiemen, kraterw CA’ eonte»

Recently discovered relics of promikynaϊkoy (kyklwpeioy) This wall in Kadmeia, near Amfeio, and he has headed the chronolo prwtoelladikoys times, that is the same time as the formation of Amfeioy in gradient pyramid!
And not only found the wall that, that is mentioned in the Odyssey as the eyrima of Kadmeias archai otato, but a specific add-on, palatial, contemporary menu in the adjacent wall and building, a real citadel house, as announced by archaeologists of the Inspectorate of Antiquities Thebes in recent Conference organised by the competent Committee in Thiva!
And the former Pausanias and the Keramopoullos, I noticed the shape of the Hill of Amfeioy in gradient pyramid, but the first two and left a verbal comment and a reference to attempts by observing tymbwrychias, "Shin d'etheloy yfafeisthai re’ This land in the Fwk'idi Tithorean nots ". The Keramopoullos,, with education and acumen of wondered: "That “yfafeisthai” dynomai not to noisw or as otherwise seeking unto the whole principle of the mound, unto him that is the natural lofon… ignoei Pausanias or fine bws says neither Hill nor nature eswterikin the whole thereof pistin» (Arc. Deltion 3,1917, SLE. 387-.
The research of Amfeio opened a new reflection on the use, sending and dating of railroad buildings pyramidi capadocia, but the research of hydraulic works, which we first chronologisame in the third millennium b.c.. and we felt works of minyakoy culture of Greece. It is now certain that the progress of the investigation will be constantly knyei him anadei culture, the Golden Millennium of our prehistoric past and prosgrapsei all of the katakti ments and achievements, which yfirpase the Mycenaean civilization. This well I’ the new component effec brilliant chapter of archaeology and science…
The pyramid of Amfeioy arose as a memorandum he meiwdis construction, which proϋpe thete analogue and modern administrative health Union, an administrative system, which s he oyrgise a monumental architecture before the middle of the 3rd millennium b.c.. This upset the established theory that in Greece there were no monumental burial constructions and monumental administrative-palatial buildings before the Mycenaean Times (1550-1200 E.G.).
The bodies of the Mycenaean Culture were considered-and still considered- the descendants of Indoeyrwpaiwn, who-allegedly-entered in Greece at the end of the 3rd millennium BC., of course, there is no archaeological or linguistic support of relative theory. Besides, nor is the movement of Kurgan tumuli solved the issue, because elladikoi tumuli evolve independently and are not offered as a presumption of tribal movements from the European or Eurasian space in Greece.

THE PYRAMIDWN AND ARCHETYPIKO OF THE FACTORS DETERMINING THE
In what,What concerns the morphogenesis of pyramid structures and spatial that the afe, things are competitive and exciting. Who ' anakaly ' took the shape of pyramidos; The alleged "cradle" of, Egypt, or Greece ("minyan"); The great antiquity of English pyramids would be indefensible as a single phenomenon and product, If you couldn't make with a modern, multi-faceted cultural infrastructure and State Organization, that ekfra he elsewhere and here with high-grade products and technology.
Without the existence of State and minyakoy culture minyakoy, Greek pyramids would stay more curious construction (curiosities) and metakinoyntochronologika from the "prehistoric" until the Greek Natur compliance with its times, sometimes with RIA research tekmi, sometimes in’ Yours sincerely. But despite gwga, works and monuments of a particular culture and a particular time duration and this determines, indirectly but imputed, the dating of Greek pyramids, the Greek creation of architectural culture of minya Golden Millennium (2700-1700 e.g.,)!
The Egyptian pyramids are the true thesteres polypli, but, now, not the oldest! Greek pyramids short numeric residues, but this probably is symptomatic (subject to the "chance of discoveryw/probability of discovery), but already claiming not simply taytochronia, but greater antiquity than the oldest Egyptian, dating on the 2700/2600 e.g..
However, the archetypal of the pyramids is determined not only by the culture that produced, but from the mission and their use. The pyramids are not only burial monuments, which are mainly the Egyptian pyramids. Modern research has yielded another character and using in the great pyramid of Cheopos, which investigates as astronomical station or legal proceedings projects, with convincing arguments! Of returns is not accurate gaiwdesia and "beneficial" effect on the maintenance of organic substances covered by the ' shell ' of!
Instead, the remaining, as far as I know, and the "classic" gradient pyramid of Zozer (2600 e.g.. about) they had burial progress higher, as the ypogei s polydaidales or adjacent burial and their respective facilities devotional. The premises where you were intended to ensure the body-snatchers and parapla serving the multiplicity of ethimotypiwn faith and practices developed in the main trait of Egyptian priestly Hierarchy and every stwtikis.
Burial destination had clearly and the pyramids of Amfeioy and Greek of Argolis, as shown by the findings and the inner tunnels of Amfeioy, but the tradition that he wanted and the one and the other pyramid to have hosted the graves branded heroes of both regions (Zithos and Amphion, Proetus and Acrisius respectively).

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