Behind Tomb Connected to Alexander the Great, Intrigue Worthy of “Game of Thrones”

Detail of Alexander the Great from a mosaic.

A mysterious royal tomb in Greece may hold a relative or associate of Alexander the Great, portrayed here in a mosaic from Pompeii.

Photograph by Araldo de Luca, Corbis

Heather Pringle

for National Geographic

Published November 21, 2014

Suspense is rising as archaeologists sift for clues to the identity of the person buried with pomp and circumstance in the mysterious Amphipolis tomb in what is now northern Greece. The research team thinks the tomb was built for someone very close to Alexander the Great—his mother, Olympias; one of his wives, Roxane; one of his favorite generals; or possibly his childhood friend and lover, Hephaestion.

Over the past three months, archaeologist Katerina Peristeri and her team have made a series of tantalizing discoveries in the tomb, from columns sculpted masterfully in the shapes of young women to a mosaic floor depicting the abduction of the Greek goddess Persephone. The tomb's costly artwork all dates to the tumultuous time around the death of Alexander the Great, and points to the presence of an important person.

Alexander himself was almost certainly buried in Egypt. But the final resting places—and the rich historical and genetic data they may contain—of many of his family members are unknown. The excavation at Amphipolis is bound to add a new chapter to the history of Alexander the Great and his family, a dynasty as steeped in intrigue, conspiracy, and bloodshed as the fictional Lannisters in the popular television series Game of Thrones. Among Alexander's family, “the king or ruler who ended up dying in his bed was rare,” says Philip Freeman, a biographer of Alexander the Great and a classical historian at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa.

Palace Intrigues

To understand these palace intrigues, one must begin with Alexander's father, Philip II, who ascended the throne of ancient Macedonia in 359 B.C. At the time, Macedonia was a modest mountain realm north of ancient Greece, but Philip had big dreams. He transformed Macedonia's army from a band of ragtag fighters into a disciplined military machine, and he armed it with a deadly new weapon, the sarissa, a long lance designed to keep enemy troops from closing in on his phalanxes.

A natural-born conqueror, Philip led his army to the west, crushing and intimidating the major Greek city-states until all had surrendered to his rule. “Philip II was a traditional warrior king,” says Ian Worthington, author of By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire. “He was always in the thick of battle.”

By custom, Macedonia's kings married multiple wives, often for the purposes of sealing political alliances with powerful neighbors. Alexander's mother, Olympias, was a daughter of the king of Molossia, a realm that encompassed part of modern Albania, and she claimed descent from the legendary Greek hero, Achilles. She was one of Philip's many wives, and according to ancient historians, she screamed relentlessly at court to put her son on the Macedonian throne. Some historians even suspect that she poisoned Alexander's older half-brother, impairing his mental faculties.

For a time, her intrigues seemed to succeed. Philip groomed the young Alexander as his heir, providing the boy with a first-class education from a renowned tutor, Aristotle, and encouraging his prowess as a warrior.

But important Macedonian nobles at Philip's court viewed Alexander as half foreign and possibly illegitimate. By the time Alexander reached his late teens, Philip seemed to share these doubts. He took a new Macedonian wife, and during a drinking party, Philip allowed Alexander's legitimacy to be publicly questioned. Then Philip drew his own sword on Alexander, a mortal insult.

Photo of the two sphinxes found at the tomb.

Two guardian sphinxes sit on a marble lintel at the entrance to the tomb at Amphipolis.
Photograph by the Greek Culture Ministry, EPA

Phillip later tried to patch things up, but he had created a dangerous enemy. Exactly what happened next is the subject of debate, although the bare facts are well known. In 336 B.C., Philip threw a lavish public wedding for one of his daughters and invited members of neighboring royal houses to attend this state occasion.

As part of the festivities, Philip planned to stage public games at daybreak in the theater at Aigai, his capital city. He strode into the stadium, wearing a white cloak over his shoulders. On one side was Alexander; on the other was his new son-in-law. Philip waved away his bodyguards, and as he stood at the center of the theater, the large crowd began to roar with approval.

“That was the last thing he ever heard,” says Worthington. An assassin stepped out from the crowd and stabbed Philip to death as the guests watched in disbelief. In the ensuing bedlam, the murderer, a man named Pausanias, bolted from the theater toward a spot where horses were tethered and waiting for him. But just as Pausanias was about to escape, he tripped and fell, and three of Philip's bodyguards speared him to death.

Conspiracy Theory

Did Pausanias act alone? Some ancient texts suggest that he did, assassinating Philip in a jealous rage. Many of the ancient Macedonian nobles were bisexual, and Philip was no exception. He had taken Pausanias as his lover, and when he tired of him, he discarded the young man and even allowed others to sexually abuse Pausanias. So Pausanias may have murdered Philip in an act of revenge.

But several clues point to a conspiracy, says Worthington. Pausanias, for example, fled to a spot where multiple horses were waiting, suggesting that several people had made plans for escaping the crime scene.

“I think Pausanias was manipulated to kill Philip,” says Worthington, who suspects that Olympias and Alexander played key parts in the assassination. Both mother and son had been deeply insulted by Philip. In addition, they may have feared that Philip's young Macedonian wife would produce a Macedonian heir more acceptable to the local nobility. The only way to prevent this would be to eliminate Philip. So Worthington theorizes that Olympias and Alexander poisoned Pausanias's mind and encouraged him to murder Philip.

Other classical historians aren't so sure Alexander was guilty of patricide. Nevertheless, says Luther College Freeman, “if you put Alexander on a couch today and tried to analyze him, you could have a lot of fun.”

Hephaestion and the god Hymen.

Some speculate that Alexander's closest friend and lover, Hephaestion (pictured above in a 16th-century fresco, with his hand on the good Hymen's shoulder) may be buried in the royal tomb at Amphipolis.
Photograph by DeAgostini, Getty Images

The King Is Dead, Long Live the King

With Philip gone, Alexander had to convince the Macedonian court that he deserved to be king. He planned a costly funeral for his father, cremating the body on a massive funeral pyre and constructing an elaborate tomb for Philip on the outskirts of Aigai (the modern Greek town of Vergina), some 100 miles from Amphipolis. As Macedonia's aristocracy looked on, Alexander buried his father “like a Homeric hero,” says Ioannes Graekos, an archaeologist and curator at the Royal Tombs Museum in Vergina.

Inside the tomb, Alexander interred a gold chest containing Philip's skeletal remains, as well as a host of royal treasures, from a gilded crown to a golden scepter, a gold cuirass, and a gold- and ivory-adorned deathbed. Over the doorway, the young king had artists paint a hunting scene showing Alexander and his father closing in on a lion.

Photo of a female figurine in the tomb.

Archaeologists excavate a female figure on a wall leading to the second room of the ancient tomb.
Photograph by the Greek Culture Ministry, AP

“Only royalty can hunt lions, so Alexander was honoring his father, but he was also honoring himself,” says Terence Clark, an archaeologist at the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec, who, along with National Geographic and others, is helping to organize a major new traveling exhibition on the heroes of ancient Greece, including Alexander the Great. “It's a definitive statement that Alexander is now in charge.”

But despite his appearance of confidence, Alexander still feared rivals at court. He ordered the deaths of his cousin Amyntas and of one of Philip's young wards. And his mother, Olympias, took care of enemies among the royal women. According to at least one ancient text, she forced Philip's young Macedonian wife to commit suicide and arranged for the murder of her rival's daughter. Olympias, says Elizabeth Carney, a classical historian at Clemson University in South Carolina and biographer of Alexander's mother, was “a political woman.”

That left just the army. Alexander had to convince Macedonia's generals and soldiers alike that he was a commander like his father. So he embarked on a series of military campaigns, quelling rebels in the Balkan region, crushing the city-state of Thebes, and leading his army to one victory after another. By the time he turned 21, Alexander was firmly in control of Macedonia and Greece, and ready to embark on the conquest of Persia.

Alexander extended his rule to lands as far south as Egypt and as far east as India, creating one of the greatest empires of the ancient world. His closest companion was his lover Hephaestion, a Macedonian general, and when Hephaestion finally succumbed to a mysterious ailment in 324 B.C. on an eastern campaign, Alexander was nearly undone by grief. According to the ancient writer Plutarch, he had Hephaestion's doctor crucified and massacred an entire tribe in the region to provide offerings for Hephaestion's spirit.

Photo of Casta Hill in Amphipolis, Greece.

The tomb at Amphipolis, shown here at the top of Kasta Hill, is the largest ancient tomb ever discovered in Greece.
Photograph by Athanasios Gioumpasis, Getty

Things Fall Apart

By the time of his own death at age 33, Alexander was still in the east, planning the conquest of Arabia. He clearly preferred the thrill of battle to the numbing minutiae of governing. He had taken at least two foreign wives, but had produced no legitimate heir to his massive empire and had given little apparent thought to the matter of succession. Soon after he died of a mysterious fever in Babylon, his generals, nobles, and family members began fighting bitterly over the succession. In the end, his vast empire was divided as spoils of a civil war, and his entire direct line was wiped out.

Alexander's mother met her end at the hands of a ruthless Macedonian noble, Cassander. To clear the path to the Macedonian throne, Cassander took Olympias prisoner during a siege and executed her. Then, like Alexander himself, he set about eliminating other potential plotters. He imprisoned Alexander's most important foreign wife, Roxane, and his posthumous son, Alexander IV, at Amphipolis—and had them both secretly murdered in 311 B.C. With the dirty work done, Cassander ruled the kingdom of Macedonia until his death in 297 B.C.

Most archaeologists today are convinced, based on historical accounts, that Alexander himself was buried somewhere in Egypt, quite possibly in the city that bears his name today, Alexandria. But researchers have yet to find the tombs of Olympias, Roxane, Hephaestion, and many of his generals. Perhaps the archaeological team clearing the mysterious tomb at Amphipolis will yet find the remains of one of them.

Τα επτά ”εγχειρίδια” happiness of three Greek philosophers

Any sane man, We are advised that in order to get to the desired destination- If we are not sure of the path- You should use, Compass or ...a GPS or even step-by-step instructions of some note. Otherwise we risk to saunter aimlessly and long-term, with an outcome.

But what could be the tools to fulfill the common for all people desire that is none other than to lead to happiness; The great Greek philosophers gave, a wide range of responses and provided all the tools, Depending on the approach each of them, the major question "what is happiness and how it is accomplished".

Concepts such as knowledge and self-knowledge, self-improvement, moral virtue, kindness and good behavior, harmony, acceptance of the natural order of things, freedom and self-control, formed part of their own answers to the big question that we are all to ourselves.

Philosophers like Epictetus, Epicurus and Aristotle we have provided all the tools for the fulfilment of our purpose and our nature has endowed with logic. The extant works of great philosophers, everyone of us can find a road map to happiness.

The survival guide of Epictetus (Manual)

The Acquired (55MX-135mCh) It could could be the "father" of instructions used widely in programmes of 12 steps: "Oh God give me the strength to change what I can, the patience to bear what I, and the wisdom to know the difference between them ".
"Set yourself a character and a lifestyle that would keep either you're on your own or with others". The philosopher urges humans to understand the difference between things that can dominate and what fails. Once you realize that a series of situations beyond his control, you have to educate the mind and not spent on them, but to accept the natural order of things.
Moreover the Epictetus believed passionately that our thoughts are completely dependent on us and the reflections are a kind of practical advice on how you should treat anybody suffering. One of the most well known indeed "students" of, It seems that he was the parasimoforimenos with Medal of Valor, American pilot, James Stoknteil. As has revealed, managed to survive physically and spiritually of the four-year captivity in Viet Nam v. applying the teachings of Epictetus.

"Nobody can be free, If it is not master of himself ".
"Take care to punish your defects, not timwreisai of them».
"People are dismayed not by what happens but by their view of what is happening".

Essentially, the late stoic "imposes" philosophy in psychology, advising those who tested negative emotions in difficult situations: "Filosofise the!”. A tip that managed to survive in Greece thousands of years ...

In this context is achieved when the Acquired serenity and equanimity of the soul which for him was a prerequisites virtue and happiness while the self-improvement and self-knowledge are an important part of the philosophy of.

The Garden of Epicurus (Complete Works- collection of saved clips of books of and about the nature of things of the Roman philosopher and poet Loykritioy)

Epicurus (341eg-270p. x.) has been described as the "philosopher of pleasure" mainly because of the dissemination of rumours from contemporaries on the famous Garden with Orgies?, where it housed the school of. Hence the current corrupt use of the designation "epicurean".
“It is impossible to live pleasantly without living wisely, honestly and fairly and it is impossible to live wisely, honourably and justly without living pleasantly”.
But the philosopher actually focused on mental-spiritual pleasure which leads to the ultimate goal: happiness. Just in contrast with other philosophers are not completely rejecting material possessions. The perceived happiness as an inexhaustible "chapter" spent only in moments of happinesses, After the contemplation of these recommended treatment for difficult or painful moments that will come. Even the most eminent "fans" were the u.s. President, Thomas Jefferson who in his personal letter characterizes himself "epicurean", but in the true sense of the term.
In pursuit of happiness proposed a simple lifestyle, that is distinguished by its kindness to fellow man while necessary components are friendship, freedom and thought.

"We need to find what we will eat and drink, before you find out what you will eat and drink».

"Once we exist, There is no way to yparxoyme a couple of times and I probably won't ever again yparxoyme. And you that you govern no tomorrow, off till the joy. And life wasted with the postponements and everyone dies busy».

"If you want to make someone rich, do not add money, to remove wishes».

For friends argued that what it offers the wisdom, for happiness of life altogether, the most important is the acquisition of friends and without them even the richest man could not be eytychisei. Clung to the ideal of individual freedom and the Garden was not only one commune of the era in which he lived with his students, with an unassuming manner, without many goods but freed from the "shackles" forms of work that do not meet.

Finally the thought was for him the ultimate cure for a series of aggravating emotions while the meditation, singly or in the form of a dialogue with friends was the Assistant, the recommended method for understanding of each problem and the release of the "shackles" of.

The ' Bliss ' of AristotStates (Ethical Nikomacheia, Ethical Eydimeia, Major Ethical, Political)

Aristotle (384eg-322p. x.) urged to search the happiness although the word he used was "Bliss" and exceeds the specific emotions or feelings experienced man at specific moments. That is why the word often translated as "thriving" or "prosperity".
“Bliss is a pleasant mental state resulting from the activity of the soul, If this activity is consistent with the perfect virtue”
As to the nature of the visa, appreciate that each person has a specific function but also a purpose while for everyone there is a specific model of life that best fits the nature of the.
As favored, We have to put ourselves in a process of self-improvement but should not focus only on an individual level as happiness is achieved through interaction in the context of a well organised system. For’ This and the reflections of the Bliss should not interpret cut off from its positions in society, the State and public life.
The correct behavior, They also employ Aristotle and encourages the development of good standards of behaviour but also in cultivating the right emotions at the right time. The moral virtue has a central role in his philosophy and he himself was a fan of "kleovoulos manual track measure».

"Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life»

«K amia ethics does not have innate, given by nature, but formed in humans with the habit, by repeating such behaviour».

"Virtue of man can be repeated good habit with which man becomes benevolent, virtuous».

"Not since all the EV, But meanwhile EV too».

But particularly focuses on use of logic, as an extra tool that leads to happiness which ultimately for him is nothing more than the sum of our achievements, but always with a significant role in the luck factor.

Source: archaia-ellada

11 Leadership Lessons from Alexander the Great

Visionary, Team-Builder, Mentor, he shows us some timeless Leadership-Lessons but also some Glaring Failures...!!

Although the "Great Man" Leadership theory belongs to the scrapheap of history, its allure continues to mystify...Underlying this theory is the assumption that if the right man (yes, it is often assumed to be a man) for the job emerges, he will almost magically take control of a situation and lead a group of people into safety or success. While such leaders are rare, there are times when a singular individual steps out from the crowd and serves as a paragon of leadership.

One such individual was Alexander the Great; one of history's most famous warriors and a legend of almost divine status in his own lifetime. He falls into the elite category of individuals who changed the history of civilisation and shaped the present world as we know it.

From a Leadership perspective, it's not very difficult to say that Alexander was without peer...He could be magnanimous toward defeated enemies and extremely loyal toward his friends. As a general, he led by example, leading from the front...!

Alexander's reign illustrates a number of important leadership lessons which remain applicable to business and political chiefs today:

1. Have a compelling vision – Alexander's actions demonstrate what can be accomplished when a person is totally focused—when he or she has clarity coupled with a ' magnificent obsession '. Through dramatic gestures and great rhetorical skills, Alexander spoke to the collective imagination of his people and won the commitment of his followers..

2. Be unsurpassed in execution – Alexander not only had a compelling vision, he also knew how to make that vision become reality. By maintaining an excellent information system, he was able to interpret his opponents motives and was a master at coordinating all parts of his military machine. No other military leader before him ever used speed and surprise with such dexterity. He knew the true value of the statement "One is either quick or one is dead" !!

3. Create a well-rounded Executive Team – Alexander also knew how to build a committed team around him and operated in a way that allowed his commanders to build on each other's' strengths..

4. Walk the talk – Alexander set the example of excellence with his leadership style; he led his troops quite literally from the front. When his troops went hungry or thirsty, he went hungry and thirsty; when their horses died beneath them and they had to walk, he did the same. This accessibility only changed when he succumbed to the luxury of Persian court life..

5. Encourage "Innovation" – Alexander realised the competitive advantage of strategic innovation. Because of his deft deployment of troops, his support for and reliance on the creativity of his corps of engineers, and his own logistical acumen, his war machine was the most advanced of its time..

6. Foster Group Identification – Alexander created a very astute propaganda machine to keep his people engaged. His oratory skills, based on the simple language of his soldiers, had a hypnotic influence on all who heard him. He made extensive use of powerful cultural symbols which elicited strong emotions. These ' meaning-management ' actions, combined with his talent for leading by example, fostered strong group identification among his troops, and motivated his men to make exceptional efforts..

7. Encourage and Support Followers – Alexander knew how to encourage his people for their excellence in battle in ways that brought out greater excellence. He routinely singled people out for special attention and recalled acts of bravery performed by former and fallen heroes, making it clear that individual contributions would be recognised. He also had the ability to be a ' container ' of the emotions of his people through empathetic listening.

8. Invest in Talent Management – Extremely visionary for his time, Alexander spent an extraordinary amount of resources on training and development. He not only trained his present troops but also looked to the future by developing the next generation.

9. Consolidate Gains – Paradoxically, three of Alexander's most valuable lessons were taught not through his strengths but through his weaknesses. The first of these is the need to consolidate gains. Alexander failed to put the right control systems in place to integrate his empire and thus never really savoured the fruit of his accomplishments. Conquest may be richly rewarding, but a leader who advances without ensuring the stability of his or her gains stands to lose everything..

10. Succession Planning – Another lesson Alexander taught by omission is the need for a viable succession plan. He was so focused on his own role as king and aspiring deity that he could not bring himself to think of the future when he was gone. As a result, political vultures tore his vast empire apart after his death.

11. Create Mechanisms of Organisational Governance – The final lesson that the case of Alexander illustrates (again by omission) is the paramount importance of countervailing powers. Leaders have the responsibility to put proper mechanisms of organisational governance into place, using checks and balances to prevent faulty decision-making and the abuse of power.

Alexander began his reign as an enlightened ruler, encouraging participation by his ' companions ' —Loyal soldiers drawn from the noble families in Macedonia. But like many rulers before him, he became addicted to power. Hubris raised its ugly head. As time passed, Alexander's behaviour became increasingly domineering and grandiose...

He tolerated nothing but applause from his audience, so his immediate circle kept their reservations to themselves. As a result he lost touch with reality, another factor leading to his failure to consolidate his empire...!!

by: Manfred Kets De Vries

What I say tomorrow the Tasoylas for Amphipolis

QUESTIONS FOR THE ANSWERS THAT APPLY TAFO

Undiminished interest for the secrets that are still hiding in the tomb of Amphipolis and for’ This is a very keen interest in the new announcements of Ministry of culture around the excavations on the Hill Kasta, which is expected tomorrow from Costas Tasoula

Source: iefimerida.gr

The weather and the ... skeleton stop excavations in Amphipolis

AMPFIPOLI-ANASKAFES

After the discovery of human bones in the tomb of Amphipolis and completion of excavation, the question that dominates is when you complete the emergence of space. However, as the Secretary-General points out YPPOA Lina Mendoni, what needs to be done is a lot. "Things they want their time, It would be a huge mistake to become thoughtlessly and without having completed the research phase "says features.

"It's a lot of what needs to be done. I believe that neither the excavators have realized just find. Should in principle be a scientific approach, and then to see how we proceed "highlights in an interview to Ana-MPA.

To enhance, de, what gave the example of finding about 150 Members who emerged very recently when water levels fell of kerkini, which belong to the burial grounds of the monument.

"These findings should be studied, be designed, be traced to attributed to a restoration study of the enclosure. Things are not just. In essence we have a monument and an environment which investigated. To become a spotlight should have finished the investigation, at least the basics of points. To reiterate what I have said many times, that andronikos discovered the Great mound 1977 and finally the tumulus of Vergina, so as we know it today, apedothi 2001» fill.

According to Lina Mendoni, the excavation at this stage is in essence completed, While the tasks are mainly relate to the protection of the monument, of coatings, colors etc..

"This Excavation is not any at the moment. Beyond where, how and when will continue depends on the findings of geophysical prospecting, which is underway by the team of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), under Mr. Gregory Tsoka. This is research that will be done in phases, as the whole tumulus is a huge area, about 20 acres. The first stage concerns the immediate surroundings of the Tomb, that is a sufficient space around the monument, "explains, Noting that the Geophysics will not give points that are data that there has been human intervention, but those that are different from the overall geological environment.

"It is very likely that these points be constructions but is very likely to come from some geological differentiation from other type environment. So there will be excavation sections to see what it is about and accordingly to plan an excavation. We have before us a winter, the area there is difficult. Some excavation sections could be made. An excavation but who wants systematic work of a quarter or semester in winter is difficult» notes.

For the examination of the anthropology material found, Ms. Mendoni indicates that still looking for the appropriate laboratory and the right people that will make, combination necessary, as it says, as it is a matter of both equipment. The examination will be done by Greeks. "The Minister has said that it will be Greek scientists and believe that it is right that. Thank God we have good potential "highlights, While as to whether it will become and DNA testing itself states that this will be decided after discussion.

"Generally the set of tests that need to be done and the results there will be things that will emerge through discussion with the experts. As we have said we will make all those investigations are judged to conform to modern imperative of science» notes.

Amphipolis though has a bet to win. "It's an extremely good chance to see a sustainable model, mild growth in the region, that will preserve intact natural environment and enables and their own residents, but mainly for visitors to enjoy this unique and timeless cultural reserve "underlines the SG YPPOA.
Source: rizopoulospost.com

Delos :Revealed an ancient pottery workshop

Ancient ruins and objects about the sea-to the level it once was, just off the coast of the island of Delos believed that it was the remains of a quay. However, a review led archaeologists to a different conclusion: that in space there is an ancient pottery workshop which once stood on the shore.

6 clay pots and a furnace were found ,embedded anymore , at the bottom of the sea

The ruins, which lie at a depth of just 1,5 until 2 measures on the northeast coast of Delos near the ancient settlement Stage and now it is believed

that are connected with trade or manufacturing activity – in other words, There were found the ruins of an ancient pottery shop and workshop.

The excavators concluded after the discovery of an embedded on the floor but also the provision of miniatures and semi-tended amphoras along with an oven. Similar workshops have been uncovered at Pompeii and Ercolano (Herculaneum) in Italy.
The remains of the Eastern breakwater of the stadium housing
In front of the ruins of the ceramics workshop large stones were placed in a line. The boulders were potentially once part of the Eastern breakwater of the settlement of the stadium.
Other remnants of structural elements, as walls and low colonnades matching, as well as the ruins of the walls along the coastline.
The survey conducted by the Ministry of culture in collaboration with the National Research Foundation of Underwater Antiquities Inspectorate of the Ministry of .


Source: hellenes-romaion.blogspot.gr

Deinokratis, the architect of the m. Alexander Of ...

Deinokratis,Athos
The Colossus of Mount Athos in Macedonia, According to the designs of
Dinocrates architect of the great Alexander

• Ἀrchitektwn itan Deinokratis and urban planner, consultant of Large Ἀlexandroy technikos, the ἀkoloythise in the ἀpostoles system. Einai gnwstos for his creation Idiaitera of design of Ἀlexandreias poleodomikou, kathws and on the participation of the schediasmo of the Ἀrtemidos in Efeso naou, enos from home 7 wonders of the world.

In ἀnaferetai as Stasikratis Secretariat, Stisikratis, Cheirokratis, Deinocharis, Deinokratis k. ἄ ... more.

As the synantame to Deinochari Pliny the Elder when ἀnaferei in the catalog with the cunning five toys ἀrchitektones ἀrchaiotitos. He • Pliny the fores syschetizontas the two ἀnaferei with the creation of the Ἀlexandreias of AIgyptoy. Decimus Magnus Ausonius • (CA. 310 – 395), Rwmaios poet and orator, against the imisy katagwgis ellinikis, the ἀnaferei and Deinochari in aytos as poem Mosella, epta in major ἀrchitektones,, with the Labyrinth list at koryfaio.

From the ἀnaferetai as Cheirokratis of Strabo of Rhodes when ἀnaferetai in ἀnoikodomisi of the Ἀrtemidos in Efeso naou. • Pseudo-Callisthenes the ἀnaferei with Ermokratis and onomata home with Anne katagwgi from Ippokratis on Rhodes and as the ἀrchitektona of m. It echtise the Ἀlexandroy Alexandria. In Plutarch we find with the τὸ ὄνομα Stasikratis.

The three writers ἀkomi, • Valerius Maximus, • Ammianuw Markellinus and Rwmaios Istorikos of Julius Valerius (late 3rd a.d. aI.) the Deinokrati and ἀnaferoyn as the link with the Idrysi of Ἀlexandreias. • Julius Valerius even ἀnaferei as katagwgis of the Rhodes website. Only the ἀnaferei of Vitruvius as Macedonian and that shared the katagwgis with the website Idio Ἀlexandro.

mountAthosAthos Papst Alexander VII Kupferstich François Spierre Pietro da Cortona (15991667) ebay.de

The meeting of Deinokratous with the Ἀlexandro of Plutarch describes the mas at "Around of fortune and ἀ ­ Ἀlexandroy retis», 335:

[…Ἄllwn τῶν technitwn zouse among then and Stasikratis of ἀrchitektwn, of epidiwkan not opoioy home projects thanks and ­ point sygkini prooptiki with children and their format. Home plans with both ­ galepibola itan wste home e ­ nos esoda big government with ­ dysko Lia will eparkousan on the their ­ ekte lesi. Aytos, ἀfoy in Ἀlexandro pige, κατηγοροῦσε τὶς ζωγραφιστὲς εἰκόνες του καὶ τοὺς μαρμάρινους ἢ χάλκινους ἀνδριάντες του ὡς ἔργα δειλῶν καὶ ταπεινῶν τεχνιτῶν.

««Echw eIpe Egw» skeftei, King, empi ­ steythw to the omoiotita of your body ­ ἄftharti yli in dispensing as well and live it ntani to ­ has aIwnia and weight ἀkinito foundations and ἀparasaleyto. Diladi τὸ oros Athos of Thrace, When ekei has τὸ ogko ­ largest of mega and perifanestatos and ypswnetai and back symmetrika has ypsos and rocky ektaseis and synarmoges and ­ by stimata with some form of. • Athos dynaton aytos is with the art to teach with and ­ katergasti taschimatisti onomaze ­ Tai wste to ἀndriantas of Ἀlexandroy and ἀlithinos is ἀndriantas to this, it with his legs will ­ gizi eg on the sea, with the ἀgkaliazi a hand will and will always perilabi ypobastazi city Ikani 10.000 residents. With the right hand to chyni kratwntas bottle of spondes respect this fundamental τῶν ­ timi entire potamo wn it will ­ katapaysta rei ἀ and will ekballi in sea. Home and home and chrysa chalka elefantina and home wood and home egchrwma projects, oles ἀgorastes and images to mikres are to steal ἄs to ἀfisoyme».

Ayta, ἀfou ἄkoyse • Ἀlexandros, mase ­ thay the boldness of the artist, epainese the conviction and added: "Ἄse the ­ with attention to Ἄthw in place of, ἀrkei that is mnimeio of ybrews of basilia (the ennooyse Xerxes, It had epicheirisei to ­ kataskeyasi diw ryga). Kani gnwsto Emena will: • Caucasus and home Imwda ori (Laia ­ Ima) and • Tanais and the Caspian Sea. By my actions will these images is my ...] 1*

• Vitruvius describing the Idio incident, ἀnaferei:

«…• ἀrchitektwn Deinokratis suggested to Mega Ἀlexandro charaxi to the Holy Church of Saint and to Oros of enos ἀnthrwpoy dwsi on form, • in a hand with opoios will ypostirizi one olokliri city, and with the else will keep a cup system will end up at the home of ydata of ola boynou and from ekei, with ypercheilisi will end up in the sea.

• Ἀlexandros, fascinated with the Idea, the ἄν the city this asked will be surrounded by γῆ Ikani efodiasi the population with the ἀnagkaio for the epibiwsi of wheat.

But the finding that the supply will only teach gini mporouse by the sea, • Ἀlexandros eIpe: "Deinokrati, with eycharistei τὸ megaleio τῆς omorfia and of your plan, but I think the creation of a ἀpoikias pws in this position there is good, as a child why they can teach and teach ἀnaptychthi ἀγαπῶ trofodotithi milk, and for a city they can teach to ἀnaptychthi ἀγαπῶ and syntirithi a large part of the echi eyfora plithysmou to ἄfthono and fagito fields from rich harvests. For, enw the originality of your project has the my egkrisi, ἀpodokimazw the post are for the epilexei ektelesi echeis of. I want however to my meinis close, Why will your chreiastw to ypiresies».

For their ἄrchise the common course ...

hephpyreThe funeral pyre of Hephaistion, based on the description by Diodorus (late 19th century).

The pyra of Ifaistiwnos tafiki

• Collaborated with Anne ἄlloys michanikoys Deinokratis of his characteristic in creation of naou τῶν Delfwn, of Delos and ἄllwn Greek cities. He, his work ἀpotelei and • epitafios tumulus of Ifaistiwnos, a orofwn kolossiaio mnimeio exi in Babylon and width 180 m., chryses decorations in orofoys:.

Against the Diodorus (115.1-6 q.) • Ἀlexandros knocked down home walls of Babylon, on to tafiki the pyra of kani Ifaistiwnos. 2*

• Plutarch (Parallel Lives. Ἀlexandros 72.3) says that • Ἀlexandros ordered to demolish the walls of epalxeis by home city in Ekbatana geitonikwn, the death of ἀmesws meta Ifaistiwnos, as mourning event. 3*

The Temple of Diana at EphesusThe Temple of Diana at Ephesus

• Temple of Ἀrtemidos in Efeso been from world's greatest toys of klasikou, largest and from the Parthenwna, It was built in ἀrgotera in Athens (the basis of foundations had mikos 131 meters and width 79 m., enw 120 marble columns in main ypostirizan tmima of naou. Each column had ypsos 20 measures). Τὸ 356 e.g.. • Temple was destroyed by pyrkagia and ἀrgotera • m. Ἀlexandros, the Efeso episkeptomenos, diatagi to oIkodomithi edwse and again • Temple, Idia in place, with symmetochi of Deinokratous at the design of the. The nao eIde Ayton • Ἀntipatros, • list of empneystis with home ἀrchaioy world of wonders epta, and ἀnaferei that the megaleio of Ἀrtemidos of yperbainei each naou apart of ypoloipwn.

AlexanderAlexandriaAlexander laying out the city of Alexandria by Andre Castaigne 1898/99 mlahanas.de

Τὸ 332-331 e.g.. • Ἀlexandros ἀnethese in Deinokrati Great to dimioyrgisi topografiki and poleodomiki the structure of new-then- City of Ἀlexandreias. The city was designed with a typical ' grid ' type and model for many other ἀpotelese cities of Ἀnatolis. • Stena Deinokratis worked with the famous michaniko States, • opoios ydraylikos itan engineer, schediastis of exairetikou epiblepwn and ydreysews and ἀpocheteysews system, of the town of µ. Ἀlexandroy.

800px-Alexandria_by_Piri_ReisAlexandria by Piri Reis (circa 1467 – circa 1554)

«• Ἀlexandros, in course of the nao of Ἄmmwnos for Zeus, observed over from τὸ nisi of Lighthouse, an itan exairetiko simeio are on the oIkodomisi of a city. Loipon Eftiaxe a draft with the posts of plateiwn and of ἀnethese and the nawn geniko schediasmo and epiblepsi in ἀnakataskeyasei the ἀrchitektona it had Ἀrtemidos of Efeso in nao; in Deinokrati».

Ἀpodidetai and Deinokrati in the construction of the monument in tumulus Kasta in accordance with the head of KI ' Eforeias Proϊstorikwn Klasikwn Ἀrchaiotitwn Serrwn and, Katerina Peristeri, that in her statement to "Clir", ἀnaferei:

kastas3-thumb-large• Mnimeiakos precinct of mound Kasta

"Against the period of tafikos are chronologeitai precinct, the death of the meta m. Ἀlexandroy, until the end of the 4th BC. aIwnos, spoydaia historical events happening in n.g.o. periochi Ἀmfipolis. Stratigoi and admirals of Simantikoi m. Ἀlexandroy associated with the area, edw and slaughters of Kassandros exorizei τὸ 311 e.g.. his lawful wife of m. Ἀlexandroy, Roxane, and the son of, Ἀlexandro D '. Epipleon, the tafiko enclosure has designed Large Ἀlexandroy of ἀrchitektonas of, Deinokratis».

Notes
Ἀrchaia texts

1* […« Egw d II "ἄftharton εἰς eIpen", basileu w, and zwsan and echoysan ἀidioys rizas ylin and weight ἀkiniton and ἀsaleyton your egnwka the katathesthai of body omoiotita. • Gar Thrakios Athos, maximum aytos aytou ż and perifanestatos exanestiken, eaytw proportional back echwn and ypsi and members and ἄrthra and morfoeidi spaces, may katergastheis and eIkwn Ἀlexandroy kaleisthai and schimatistheis is, tais basesin ἁptomenoy men of the sea, He cheirwn on men of enagkalizomenoy were enoikoymenin myriandron and interest, on dexia potamon ἀenaon ἐκ he bottle to enhance the ekcheomenon εἰς spendontos. He and chalkon and Chryson elefanta and bafas and Woods, mikra ekmageia and wnita and kleptomena and sygcheomena, katabalwmen».

Ἀkoysas Ἀlexandros I Taut the morale of technitoy men and ἀgastheis epinesen τὸ tharsos,

"EA not in situ" EFI "Athos menein; quite a gar king enyvrisantos is monument; REA Caucasus S'show and Imoda and Tanais and Caspian Sea; those of vomiter projects images ...] PERI TIS ARETIS ALEXANDROU TYChIS The LOGOS B ʹ, [II]

2* «…115. of igemonwn and friends ekastos gar stochazomenos ἀreskeias kateskeyazen King of the eIdwla elefantos and chrysou and di᾽ of ἄllwn of par᾽ ἀnthrwpois thaymazomenwn, aytos ἀrchitektonas ἀthroisas toys and he leptoyrgwn men of katheilen wall plithos of ten stadiums, the optin plinthon ἀnalexamenos d᾽ and the dechomenon the kataskeyasas wkodomise district pyran omalon pyran tetrapleyron, oysis ekastis side stadiaias. [2] εἰς thirty Earth dielomenos the territorial he and Palm stelechesi katastrwsas tas orofas square formation epoiise πᾶν τὸ artifact. in these he perietithei meta peribolw panti world, Egypt the kripida chrysai pentirikai prwrai men synepliroyn, oysai the ἀrithmon diakosiai tessarakonta, τῶν epwtidwn echoysai of he two men kekathikotas tetrapicheis toxotas εἰς bowed, He pentapicheis kathwplismenoys ἀndriantas, He toys among sites ἀnepliroyn pilitai foinikides. [3] He said that the yperanw epaneichon place deyteran pentekaidekapicheis dades, men against the labin chrysous stefanoys echoysai, He the ekflogwsin ἀetoys against diapepetakotas and the lower wing tas beckoning, tas bases he founded Dragon toys ἀetoys ἀforwntas. against the third, he kateskeyasto zwwn pantodapwn periforan kynigoymenwn plithos. [4] but the men Wednesday chrysin eIchen kentayromachian country, the fifth lion he and bulls enallax chrysous. τὸ epeplirwto Makedonikwn d᾽ ἀnwteron part barbarikwn and oplwn, tas ἀndragathias wn men, He tas ittas signifiers wn. He pasi efeistikeisan of diakoiloi and dynamenai lelithotws Seirines dexasthai ἐν aytais toys and adontas epikidion thrinon ontas priest in teteleytikoti. [5] the oloy in ypsos d᾽ of pleioys of ekaton constructs cubits thirty. at all he of Te igemonwn τῶν stratiwtwn ἁpantwn and and of ambassadors, eti filotimithentwn εἰς egchwriwn he of the ekforas world of fasi τὸ gegonenai τῶν ἀnalwthentwn plithos money pleiw of myriwn and dischiliwn talents. [6] tayti on megaloprepeia he ἀkoloythws and ἄllwn of the services against the timwn τὸ teleytaion ekforan ἅpasi thyein Ifaistiwni commanded thew paredrw: and it happens against iken εἷς gar of friends Philip, chrismon par᾽ Ἄmmwnos thyein Ifaistiwni bearing thew. pericharis of genomenos in dioper and theon the kekyrwkenai the prwtos the way all this sacrifice and epetelesen τὸ lamprws ypedexato plithos, Myria ἀrithmon thysas Iereia the pantodapa... "

3* «…72. As d ' iken n.g.o. Midias and Ekbatana εἰς diwkise home urgent, ἐν theatrois in again and panigyresin, trischiliwn di aytw technitwn ἅte by ἀfigmenwn Ellados ........... He etyche of ekeinas Ifaistiwn pyresswn tas imeras· oIa he newest and worst stratiwtikos bearing ἀkribi diaitan, in the ἀll ' ἅμα Iatron ἀpelthein εἰς τὸ theatron Glaukon of ἄriston genomenos and ἀlektryona efthon katafagwn and ekpiwn oInoy psyktira megan, esche and mikron dialipwn kakws ἀpethane. ' oydeni tout logismw τὸ Ἀlexandros inegken passion, ἀll ' eythys Ippoys Te keirai men of penthei and imionoys all ekeleyse, and surrounding cities of epalxeis tas ἀfeile, the Iatron ἄthlion d ' ἀnestayrwsen, Turkish ayloys he moysikin pasan and priest in stratopedw polyn in time, ἐξ Ἄmmwnos up ilthe divination, Ifaistiwna and thyein timan as irwϊ parakeleyoysa. of mourning he polemw chrwmenos priest in parigoria, of wsper and kynigesion ἀnthrwpwn exilthe thiran and τὸ Kossaiwn nation katestrefeto, all ibidon ἀposfattwn. Helene d ' enagismos ekaleito Ifaistiwnos. He tafin this and tymbon and the myriwn of these world from epitelesai intellectual talents, priest in filotechnw he yperbalesthai and perittw of kataskeyis the dapanin, technitwn τῶν Stasikratin epothise indeed, tolman and tina megaloyrgian and kainotomiais epaggellomenon tais ἐν kompon. gar aytw oytos entychwn efi orwn of erstwhile indeed the Ἄthwn diatypwsin ἀndreikelon dechesthai Thrakion and diamorfwsin· If oyn keleyi, ἀgalmatwn aytw monimwtaton perifanestaton exergasesthai and the Ἄthwn, men on ἀristera myriandron city oIkoymenin comprising cheiri, on dexia spendonta he dapsiles εἰς reuma potamou the maritime ἀporreontos. These men oyn paritisato, πολλῷ δ ' ἀτοπώτερα καὶ δαπανηρότερα τούτων σοφιζόμενος τότε καὶ συμμηχανώμενος τοῖς τεχνίταις διέτριβεν...»

Χλόη

Βιβλιογραφία
–> Dictionary of the Artists of Antiquity: Architects, Carvers, Engravers, Modellers, Painters, Sculptors, Statuaries, and Workers in Bronze, Gold, Ivory, and Silver, with Three Chronological Tables. Julius Sillig, Pliny (the Elder.), 1836, SLE 53.
–> DINOCRATES "PROJECT. «Scientific American Supplement», Not. 488, May 9, 1885, Various. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27662/27662-h/27662-h.htm#art13
–> «DISCOURSES ON THE FIRST DECADE OF TITUS LIVIUS BY NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI», CHAPTER I. —Of the Beginnings of Cities in general, and in particular of that of Rome. FLORENCE, May 17, 1883. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10827/pg10827.html
–> Ruins of Ancient Cities Vol. I, Charles Bucke, SLE. 25 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40860/40860-h/40860-h.htm#Page_25
–> Greek Sculpture, Nigel Spivey, Cambridge University Press, N.Y., SLE. 218
–> Vitruvius: Writing the Body of Architecture, Indra Kagis McEwen, MIT Press, 2003, SLE. 95-98.
–> http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7/%CE%99%CE%96#p115
–> http://www.agelioforos.gr/default.asp?pid=7&ct=100&artid=184369
–> William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street.
–> http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/XM10131488/Dinocrates-Project
–> http://www.writeopinions.com/dinocrates
–> http://theworldofalexanderthegreat.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/hephaestions-death-and-funeral/

Moyseia Oi Germanoi oloklira erected in Possession of ...

As debate flares up for German compensation, back in the news the record of the great robbery of the conquerors. Over 8.500 precious objects in 37 areas of our country were stolen or looted from the «educated» German officers during the period of the occupation of ...

Σήκωσαν ολόκληρα μουσεία οι Γερμανοί στην Κατοχή

27 April 1941: German military detachment raises the flag with the swastika on the Acropolis

When looting no sculptures from the Acropolis with their bayonets, they did their dogs walks on the sacred rock, enjoying erotic moments in the sheltered from prying eyes Erechtheion, entering the archaeological site at off-hours climbing the Tower of Athena Nike and the need for themselves within the Parthenon because "there weren't prominently placed signs to indicate where there are toilets».

And when I chanced to encounter an ancient work of art that the gyalize in the eye, the offered as a gift to their superiors, as they did with an "excellent ancient woman head of 4th century. e.g. ", which gave the field marshal Von Liszt.

The reason for German officers and soldiers during the occupation, they were not to take with them as "souvenirs" from their stay in our country just some fragments of Antiquities, but it is estimated that looted more than 8.500 objects derived from 37 regions of Greece. Assessment made on the basis of recording "antiques Zimiai EC of the war and the armies of occupation" that was drawn up in 1946 by the Directorate of Antiquities and historical monuments of the then Ministry of national education and religious affairs and which, as clearly stated in the preface, is not complete.

The case came back to the public on the occasion of the Declaration of Manolis Glezoy indicating – as a publication of the German "Di Belt» – that should return in Greece the klemmenoi from the German archaeological treasures. That statement came as a response to German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble, who encountered dismissively the Greek claim for compensation of war.

"Educated Germans military museum's study followed then decided and done klopin, After kateskeyasan and katallilon ergaleion to klopin. Proitoimasmenoy Ethraysan i.e. by appropriately short the parathyron despite the warehouse and Museum through the short afiresan vases and figurines on this. By becoming Jan noticed efygon on motosyklettas», says testimony of the era for theft at the Museum of Eleusis.

As for the written justification of the Germans; "This should not periptwsis considered as theft, by "th the drastai will eploytizon. This concludes the fact that educated people are involved, who have an interest for the Greek Antiquity, which it is egnwrizon that the English and the feeling of agglisti gegrammenoy I have done the wizard. The apokomisantes will obviously prothesin n eichon "acquire possibly by way of Tutu in souvenir».

In Thessaloniki, the Germans soldiers suddenly appeared at the Museum – then let the Rotunda Museum debts – and they took a female marble statue that was found in the Court Square during work. In vain the curator tried to complain. The Germans of replied that they are going to protect it in safe haven flak, but in reality the sculpture ended up in Vienna.

Four large crates full of gems found in 20 asylitoys tombs near Filakopi erected by Apple. With three boxes of artifacts left from Knossos General Ringkel who asked for the keys of the Strwmatografikoy Museum, supposedly to study. And at Cheronia not only broke the padlock of the Museum and a showcase for the glass to get a gold ring, a gold leaf and five vessels, but through terrorist interrogations forced witnesses to testify to the innocence of the Germans.

Despite the efforts that had been made by the Greek side that many of its antiquities museums to be buried in underground, caves and vaults to protect themselves from the dangers of war, the conquerors, they appeared as lovers of the ancient Greek spirit, not even faced with admiration in many cases. For respect, de, Neither discussion.

And major disasters

The looting was only a part of the action of the German conquerors. Because it wasn't a few times in their passage destroyed everything,what they found "wounding» sledgehammer monuments and archaeological sites.

Leaving the Sounion, for example, did blasting, with score to break an architrave of the Temple of Poseidon. In Elefsina not only threw down those columns were in place, but gathered and as many antiquities were scattered around the aqueduct – which had been turned into a shelter – in order to build with this protective wall.

Neither one, neither two, but seventeen bombs dropped on 26 Aug 1943 three German airplanes in the monastery of Hosios Loukas, causing a lot of damage to the external. While from their destructive fury escaped nor polychryses not Mycenae. Four German soldiers put their mark Lions at the gate of the Lions with their peristrofa, while five colleagues kopidos and sfyrioy "after" took the treasure of Atreos (the tomb of Agamemnon) destroying five stones of the Tomb to get as many bronze nails. With their swords, de, engraved their names at various points. But wanting to be sure you stay in eternity, carrying a ladder from their cars and climbed up to not be able to reach and extinguish.

Up close and the Italians

Can Germans be pillaged and destroyed thousands of Antiquities, but the Italians did not go back. Typical is the case of Delos starring the Italian Commander of the Cyclades, Giovanni Duke. Itan 6 Sep 1941 When he went to the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis with auxiliary warship, accompanied by six officers and six soldiers, as reported by the Secretary-General of archaeological society, Academician, Basil Petrakos in his book "The ancient Greece during the war 1940-1944», based on documents of the era. "On" time th eleilatoyn TAS prothikas officers of the Museum the stratiwtai climbers who opened up the Bank's syrtarion, ibid sold tickets, afiresan on his pentakosias drachmas chilias». They were not, de, loot Fund and Museum, but continued the RAID and the sailboat "Evangelistria" which was moored on the island due to injury, they ripped of tools, camera keys and boiling rings to ten kilos, lint and two rugs from the Governor's apartment.

Mary Ἀdamopoyloy on tanea.gr