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Amphipolis.gr | The myth of Oedipus and the Sphinx – The hidden secrets

The myth of Oedipus and the Sphinx – The hidden secrets

The Sphinx is a fantastic creature of Greek mythology,closely connected with the legend of Labdakidwn and in particular to that of Oedipus. The representation used in insured premises as symbols of protection in Egyptian, Greek and Roman culture.

According to Hesiod was the daughter of tisChimairas and others of Matins or Tyfwnos and echidnas.. The Echidna had spawned also Cerberus Orthros (keeper of flocks of Seizing), the lion of Nemea, the Lernaean Hydra and the Faia Krommywnas. The accord also Chimera, the Dragon of Colchis, the guardian of the Golden Fleece, the dragon that fyloyse the golden apples of the Hesperides and the Eagle of Prometheus.

Greek representations of the Sphinx is represented as a winged lion with a woman's head (In contrast to the Sphinx in Egypt, He has no wings) or as a woman with feet & breasts lion , erpetoykai tail feathers of bird. Its name comes from the word clinch.

The sirens recognize from the bird's body,the human head,the feet and claws are strong and thick and can paromoiastoyn like the lion. This suggests perhaps a kinship that can exist between Seirinos and Sfingos.

The irakai Mars sent from home, the Ancient Thiva. There stood and asked passersby what being the morning standing on all fours, noon at two and three night;». Anyone who couldn't solve the puzzle, the Sphinx the esfigge, until I die. Oedipus solved the Riddle by answering that the creature that is man, Since when is baby walks on all fours, After he gets up on his two legs and in old age walks erect but uses as third leg a of Spades. Once solved the Sphinx ainigma shattered by a rock that was standing and was killed. However, the exact riddle that gave the Sphinx is not known from ancient sources, but from later texts.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: topic Sphinx(mythology),the Wiktionary entry is associated with this entry: Sphinx(mythology).There is another version for the Sphinx which presents Pausanias. According to Pausanias, the Sphinx was illegitimate daughter of Laius. The Laios entrusted only the Oracle took from Pythia and reported that it concerned only the Jocasta and the fruits of. That's because the guys had and Laios concubines, having eschewed the commingling of the Jocasta. But in one of his dream girl slept with his wife and born Oedipus.

So, Although abandoned Oedipus in Kithairon, keeping his reservations, When one of the sons was claiming the throne was sending him to the Sphinx. This with the puzzle of examing whether they were genuine children of Laius. Because knowledge of the Oracle were only those who descended from the Royal generation, those who could not answer the riddle of thanatwnontan.

Oedipus before meet the Sphinx had learned about the puzzle in his sleep. So was able to solve.
The asteroid 896 Sfigx (896 Sphinx), who discovered the 1918, It took its name from the Sphinx of Egypt.

The Oidippoys

Oedipus (ARC: OIdipoys) It was the most tragic face of ancient Greek mythology. He was the son of King Laius of Thebes and Jocasta. The legend is as follows :

Before the birth of Oedipus King of Thebes Laios, He decided to learn his fate on the acquisition of the successor, because his wife, the Jocasta or Epikasti, had no surrogate mother ever, Despite years of efforts. The Apollo loxias of indicated, via Pythia, How would son and that he would kill him.

It must be said that he was one of the rare oracles that were both clear about their content. Also it should be noted that the Laios had caused the mini of the gods for the relationship that concluded with another man, his son Pelops, King of Elis, the Chrysippo suicide Chrysippou in Thebes, where had him kidnap the Laios, caused the fierceness of Pelops, who cursed himself the King of Thebes to acquire son and if he does die by his hand. The gods agreed, When other Juno,After the action was an insult to the laws.

The Laios, having knowledge of the chrismodotima, After the birth of her eldest, strapped Oedipus by foot (Hence the name Oedipus (edema(= swelling) + therelevant(= foot)) and gave him an slave, which ordered to leave him ektheto in Kithairon. In this way enapothete the fate of the infant in the hands of the gods or fate, as tragedy ' exclaims Oedipus Rex of Sophocles ' the hero himself. A shepherd but she found the boy and delivered to his wife the King of Corinth Polyboy, the Merope or Periboea. Those not having kids, the accepted as "boon". Thus Oedipus lives and grows in the palaces of Corinth, in the town of Tenea, as genuine and legitimate heir to the throne.

One day somebody called him "bastard". Wanting to learn the true speech, because "silence" prevailed in the Palace for the topic, He decides to go to the Pythia. There the priestess of Apollo, with clear Oracle banishes him from the sacred site because it will look omoklinos of father and patroktonos, aimomiktis and husband of his mother, and that he and his children will cause many bad. Such was the intensity of the event, that Oedipus, forgetting the reasons of proseleysis in Pythia, decides not to turn in the alleged in’ This home, Corinth in order not to cause suffering to really foster parents.

During his wanderings in Greece,headed toward Thebes. A crossroads of, the triple with the name ' Schisti road», meets a trolley and after an intense wrangling kills the owner of trolley and attendants – slaves of, In addition to a. As it turns out later, with testimony of slave saved, Oedipus killed his father Laio, who headed towards the Pythia to learn what happened to his child.

Oedipus approaching in Thebes he met the Sphinx. The Sphinx was killing every passer-by who meet, because it did not address the puzzle of. Asking the Oedipus ' What being the morning standing on all fours, noon at two and three night», received as a response to "man is that being, the dawning of his life moves on all fours, the night of his life in three, with the help of a cane, While in the meantime (noon) of life moves with confidence in two ". After the solution of the puzzle the Sphinx fell on the cliff and killed (or when other Oedipus of attacking when he was startled by the solution of the puzzle and killed). Oedipus became King of Thebes, from the temporary city King Creon, and husband of Jocasta (sister of Creon), widow of Laius and Oedipus's mother.

By Jocasta had four children, Polynices and Eteocles them and Antigone and Ismene, that was also his brothers. This concluded the contents of the Oracle Pythia gave the Laio first and in Oedipus later. There is another testimonial, When Jocasta learned that married her son and committed suicide. Oedipus remarried and his new wife, the Eyryganeia, He obtained his four children.

"The plague of Thebes", the work of Charles François Zalamper, Museum Of Fine Arts, Marseille Because of the famine that ravaged Thiva, for seven years (as the years power of Oedipus), Oracle of the Seer Tiresias, He suggested that the cause of evil is the slayer of Laius.

In tragedy "Odipoys Tyrant" unfolding the revelation of the killer, that resulted in the aytotyflwsi of Oedipus and Jocasta's suicide (Hung). In Sophocles, "Oedipus at colonus", Learn how Oedipus, Once again, wandered in Greece, to escort his daughter Ismene or, When other, the Antigone. Ended up in Athens, where the King of, Theseus, the accepted and passed to his reconciliation with the gods and the redemptive death. "The tragedy seven against Thebes», by Aeschylus, We learn the fate of Polynices, of Eteocles and Creon. While, end, in tragedy "Antigone", the crested tragedies, We learn about the fate of the heroine.

The myth of Oedipus is part of the "Thibaikoy circle".

The secrets of the Sphinx

A few meters away from the great pyramid of Giza (Cheopos) is the famous Sphinx of Egypt that has head woman, Bull's body, feet lontarioy and Eagle's wings. But what is the feasibility of its own existence within the Sphinx, under the feet of the great pyramid and what is;

Let's take things from scratch. Sphinxes are generally in the mythology of various monsters that members of the body are composed of various one beings. Were wild monsters, silent and enigmatic. Such sgigges in antiquity there were in different parts of the then known world and were surrounded with various mythological stories. In ancient Greece it was known the Sphinx of Viotia had face and breasts woman, House lion, chicken wings and tail snake.

Mythology says that he was born from the Echidna and Typhon or orthron and was sitting in Dr Fikion, where he waited there for those of whom put the known famous Riddle : "What estin everything, a depositor's voice, tetrapoyn and dipoyn and tripoyn gignetai;"and if the next diavates as he was not found the solution katetrwge.

It is said that from there once passed and Oedipus and met with the Sphinx, that put him into the same conundrum. Oedipus gave the correct answer: “' O Man!”.. and the Sphinx from the evil fell into precipice and killed.

All the Sphinxes are characterized by the qualities of the Slinky (He who hides the thought of) and ainigmatwdoys. Therefore, the Sphinx of Giza pyramids of Egypt should be seen in terms of what hides this thought and what Riddle gives us. If you do not possess these two skills then there ought to be a Sphinx.

In his book Tom Valentine "The mystery of the great pyramid" describes inter alia the following: "Many are those who believe that the Sphinx was built by members of the secret organization and that there is a mystic link between the enigmatic Sphinx and great pyramid». First of’ everything is absolutely certain that the Sphinx would built people and even memyimenoi from the circle of ierateiwn. That apogoreyotane to the Pharaoh to enter inside the great pyramid is absolutely certain and fully justified, but not in terms of infestation of the religious sentiment of the people, but for the protection of life itself of Pharaoh. And this why the Egyptian priesthood knew very well the energy behaviour of the Interior of the pyramid, they knew that is that in the King's Hall was realised by a mass loss – energy (Prana) from every living organism that would come in, just as it has revealed Pythagoras for the energy pyramid phenomena.

The same happened in years, When the then head of State of the Soviet Union Kroytsef visited the great pyramid and did not dare to enter, After insistent and demanding intelligence recommendations of his country. Also the author of the book "the Pharaoh's pump» Edward Kankl argues that the Sphinx was used as a secondary pump, When closest to the river. This view is in syschetimo with all hydraulic system that describes to find how lifting large ogkolithwn for the construction of the pyramid is quite reasonable, But if it is true it is not the root cause of the existence of the Sphinx but is a subsidiary possibility. All these conclusions and external events as well as other views that saw the light of day, not only did we illuminate the riddle, but further complicate us the real truth.

Let's see another Visual issue

I'll start my thinking with the assumptions that the Sphinx conceals a secret and gives us a riddle to find the solution and that the Sphinx of Giza the Bolivian people by the restricted environment of ierateiwn who was privy to the esoteric secrets of.

When I say the Sphinx the built, I mean of course the idea of construction conceived and implemented on the ground and not that they worked as labourers for the kataskei of, thing and it still not excluded for reasons of secrecy.

Once the idea, the thought came out of the memyimena members of the ierateiwn should have used the known only support occult language. The occult ieratikos code using various divination and especially the Oracle of Delphi, was the code of arithmolexias and not arithmosofias.

So applying the priestly code of the Oracle of Delphi to the word "Sfigx" we find the secret that encloses within the Sphinx. Specifically, we find that the numerical value of the phrase "Sfigx" is the code number 781 that corresponds to the numerical value of the phrase "Pan". So The SPHINX = PLUS EVERYTHING = 781 , where the phrases tonisma indicates the word "numeric value". Hence the apocryphal secret that encloses within the Sphinx is the "Pan" which comes from the current UNIVERSE, because as known in ancient times was not the word universe in single format, which was later converted the letter (n) before the letter (p) in (m) just as with the word plus-player – Playmate. Also this proof that the great pyramid of Egypt represents the universe with all laws of our creation has become very apodeixi Pythagoras. From this combined with the apokalyfthen secret of the Sphinx comes out the conclusion that the Sphinx has a direct link with the great pyramid and is the prometwpi of.

In addition to the secret that has inside of the Sphinx asks us to find the solution and an Enigma. This riddle comes from the form of, i.e. : "That man and Taurus and Ierax and Leon syneisi;”. In today's translation we can say the riddle above as follows : "Where coexist and man and the bull and the lion and the Eagle;». Obviously exist in the image of the Egyptian Sphinx depicting the Universe. ERGO plus iparchoyn in the universe or the Universe consists of these 4 items. Yet these 4 elements of the ancient Greeks the exomoiwnan corresponding to the four elements of nature's format, i.e. NERO (LIQUID), EARTH (CONTRIBUTIONS to the LATER), AERAS (GASES) AND FIRE (ACTION). Also the same symbols and coexist in the cardinal points, i.e. respectively in North man (Water), in the East the bull (Earth), in the West the Eagle (Air) and in the South the Leo (Fire). In other words, the solution to the Enigma of the Sphinx in Egypt is that the Universe consists of four data formats, the wet form, solid forms, gas form and anergeiakis form. Thus conclude that the solution to the Enigma requires first to find the secret of which is ' SYM PAN "and then there is the solution of the Enigma that is the ' PLUS ' PANTI.

On the above four styles of elements of nature as presented in the Sphinx and mentioned by the ancient Greek sages with symbolism Man/Water, Taurus/Earth, Eagle/Air, and Leo/Fire we observe that the notations used in these Christian religion. In Orthodox Christian churches are represented the four evangelists Matthew, Marcus, Luke and John each with one of the above four symbols-elements. Indeed the depiction of evangelists is on the surface of the four columns that hold the dome of the Church. I.e. we conclude that there is a full match in the revelation of own truths. But in the book of revelation of Evangelist dibazoyme exactly the same mystical and transcendent truth : « …. and in the midst of the throne and the circuit of the throne four animals gemonta eyes front and rear, and the first not seeking zwon leonti, and secondly not seeking zwon moscho and the third operator of the prosopon zwon as man and the fourth zwon aetw not seeking petomenw”.

http://master-lista.blogspot.gr/2015/07/blog-post_42.html#sthash.w7azgZOS.dpuf

Amphipolis.gr | 10 fascinating facts you probably didn’t know about Alexander the Great and his army

Facts_Alexander_the_Great_Macedonian_army_3

Posted By: Dattatreya Mandal June 30, 2015

We have harped about how ancient Spartans bragged of rigorous discipline being instilled in their citizen armies. But there was another ‘lesser’ Greek kingdom on the northern periphery of Classical Greece that eventually managed to make its world-conquering claims that no other ‘civilized’ Greek city-state could ever boast of. We are of course talking about the ancient Macedonians, and how they conducted their legendary military campaigns around most of the known world – all under the brilliant leadership of Alexander III of Macedon (or Alexandros ho Megas). So, without further ado, let us check out ten amazing facts you probably didn’t know about Alexander the Great and his incredible army.

1) Most Macedonians started out as poor herdsmen, until Alexander’s father trained them –

We had previously talked about the great wars of Greece and Persia. And amid such disastrous scopes and heroic deeds, Macedonia remained a relatively unimportant backwater to the greater geo-political situation – mostly owing to its lesser strategic importance (in the north). In fact, the seemingly modest origins of the so-called Macedonian state is shrouded in obscurity, with most of the population of land being rural herdsmen in 5th century BC. In that regard, most of the southerly urbanized Greeks regarded the Macedonian inhabitants being semi-barbarous who lived on the edge of the then-known civilized world.

However, by the later Peloponnesian Wars (fought between Sparta and Athens) in the later part of 5th century BC, Macedonian kings had already started undertaking public projects that improved the country’s economy. But it was the great Philip II (Alexander’s father) who started his reign from 359 BC, and made the incredible military reforms that was to transform Macedonia into a future superpower. One of the most iconic features of these reforms was the evolution of the Greek hoplite into phalanx – a military stratagem that emphasized better army formation over individual prowess of a soldier (a classic tactic eventually mastered by the later Romans). And interestingly enough, Philip himself was inspired by the Theban military successes of the early 4th century, as opposed to the ‘pedigree’ of the renowned Spartans and Athenians; and even had grand plans to invade Persia (before he was assassinated).

In any case, Philip’s immense contribution to the organized Macedonian state and its military had been alluded to – even during his own lifetime, when then-contemporary historian Theopompus claimed “Europe had never before produced a man such as Philip”.

2) Macedonian discipline was so strict that it even forbade taking warm baths –

The phalanx as a formation demanded individual discipline and tenacity from each of its occupant soldier – with one historical anecdote from Polyaenus (a 2nd-century Macedonian author) relating to how Philip made his men march over 30 miles in a single day, with all their armaments and armor. The maintenance of such brutal military methods certainly required rigorous degrees of drilling and self-restraint. To that end, one particular scenario involved a high-ranking Tarantine cavalry officer (possibly hailing from a powerful Greek city on the west coast of Italy) who was unceremoniously stripped of his rank for just bathing in warm water.

The simple enough reason was (according to Polyaenus)-

…for he did not understand the way of the Macedonians, among whom not even a woman who has just given birth bathes in warm water.

And as if such drastic measures were not enough, each troop of the phalanx had to personally carry heavy provisions for at least 30 days during the campaigns (a practice that was also adopted by the later Roman legions). Furthermore, the mobility and self-sufficiency of the army was substantially increased by decreasing the number of servants (or camp followers) – which was reduced to one for every ten men.

3) Alexander had a group of 200 ‘personal companions’ in addition to the renowned Companion cavalry –

While Philip effectively drilled the Macedonians into an incredible fighting force, Alexander (the Great) endowed his inherited army with an air of majesty and pompousness. One of the conspicuous aspects of this ritzy nature was the induction of heavy shock cavalry into a primarily Greek force that was traditionally not known for its cavalry tactics. Known as hetairoi or ‘Companions’, these horsemen were generally derived from the Macedonian aristocracy and nobility. However, Alexander the Great went one step further by incorporating another core group of ‘companions’ within this already elite group. These chosen men were also referred to as personal friends of the king – according to many ancient sources.

To that end, the personal companions upheld the true meaning of the word – by accompanying Alexander in various scenarios, whether it be in the thick of the battle or during recreational hunting sessions. In fact, Alexander’s fascination with his own formed military brotherhood was so great that he himself often dressed in the uniform of a Companion cavalry regiment. Now of course, such ‘normal’ officer-like attires were only worn during times of peace (and planning), and were eschewed in favor of elaborate dresses during actual battles.

4) Alexander’s famed phalanx was actually composed of relatively light-armored infantrymen –

Once again, according to Polyaenus’ account of Macedonian military training, the infantrymen of phalanx were supplied with helmets (kranos), light shields (pelte), greaves (knemides) and a long pike (sarissa). So as can be gathered from this small list of items, the armor is conspicuously missing. And even after 100 years of Alexander’s death, there are accounts of his successor states’ phalanx army going without armor systems. From such literary sources, one hypothesis can be put forward – the Greek and Macedonian armies totally gave up on their heavy bronze cuirass, and instead opted for linothorax, a light armor made from glued layers of linen.

Interestingly, one of the accounts of Polyaenus entail how Alexander himself armed the men who had previously fled the battlefield with a hemithorakion – a half armor that only covered the front part of the body, so that the soldiers wouldn’t turn their backs on the enemy. In any case, metallic corsets would have been unnecessary for troops in the rear-end ranks of a well-guarded phalanx – a tactical advantage that must have been welcomed by the ancient commanders who were usually short in funds and equipment.

5) Alexander’s “unpaid” infantry traveled more than 20,870 miles on his Asiatic campaign –

Previously in the list, we had talked about how stringent discipline was part-and-parcel of Alexander’s Macedonian army, a quality that was rarely seen in other ancient proximate cultures. An extension of this intrinsic discipline can be comprehended from their jaw-dropping feats. To that end, according to a calculation made by historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge, the infantrymen who had joined Alexander in 336 BC and then embarked on his Asia-bound campaign, had traveled more than 20,870 miles (or 33,400 km) by the time Alexander breathed his last in Babylon (in 323 BC). So, on an average, each of these men had covered an impressive 1,605 miles (or 2,570 km) per year! And, when translated in georgraphical terms, many of the Macedonian veterans could have claimed to cross a multitude of rivers including the Nile (in Egypt), Euphrates and Tigris (in Iraq), Oxus (in Tajikistan), Syr-Darya (in Uzbekistan) and the Indus (in Pakistan).

It should also be noted that Macedonian kings most probably didn’t develop any means to actually pay their military forces. So, part of this monetary predicament was solved by allowing the soldiers to take part in plunders that usually involved despoiling the enemy cities. But even in such cases, the infantrymen were always given a far lesser portion of the ‘loot’ than their cavalry counterparts.

5) Alexander’s army built a makeshift pathway over seawater just to effectively siege the island-city of Tyre in 332 BC!

In the grand scheme of things, the siege of Tyre might have been a lesser incident in Alexander’s brilliant (yet short) career as a conqueror. But the encounter in itself proved how Alexander was an incredibly patient strategist – which was in sharp contrast to his vicious recklessness in the battlefield (as was evident from the Macedonian cavalry wedge formations where Alexander placed himself at the forefront of the ‘spear’). In any case, Tyre was an important and nigh impenetrable commercial hub, by virtue of its ‘island’ location and huge wall defenses – that were 50 ft high in some places, according to historian Arrian! So, Alexander tried to counter the city’s fascinating defensive ambit by actually ordering his army to construct causeways (or moles) over the sea that would directly lead to the island settlement.

The invading Greek forces did manage to construct (and even expand) a causeway from the rubble, rocks and even timber being salvaged from the old abandoned city of Tyre which was originally located along the coast. This causeway became the scene of a fierce encounter with Greek siege towers taking the brunt of the bold counterattack by the Tyre-based forces. However, within a few days, Alexander was able to assemble an expansive fleet of ships that ultimately caught Tyre by surprise – thus leading to the ramming and breaching of a small section of the city walls. This tactical breakthrough made Tyre unceremoniously surrender, especially after being viciously assaulted by the hardened Macedonian elite infantry (also known as hypaspists). And in the ensuing aftermath, it is said that over 6,000 inhabitants were butchered by Alexander’s forces (with 2,000 being crucified), while an additional 30,000 people were sold into slavery.

6) Brutal punishments in Alexander’s army did include being trampled by elephants –

Greater discipline was not the only factor that separated the Macedonian army from the other then-contemporary Greeks forces; Alexander’s phalangites also had to endure stricter disciplinary actions on account of their privileged status in the army. In that regard, cavalry officers were often punished more severely than their infantry counterparts – with actions (like flogging) being taken for minor offences ranging from bathing in warm water to inviting flute-girls into the camp.

However serious offences like mutinies often resulted in death sentences, given by none other than Alexander himself. In some cases, the offenders were put to death by throwing stones and javelins at them. In other cases, more grim measures were undertaken – like throwing the prisoners into a river with tightened chains binding their bodies. However, one particular incident of punishment stands out (as mentioned by Quintus Curtius Rufus), when Alexander’s successors (just after his death) ordered some 300 mutineers to be trampled beneath the feet of elephants – and that too in front of the whole army.

8) Alexander himself might have had a delusional disorder –

While there are no arguments against Alexander being one of the greatest military strategists and leaders in history, the man himself seemingly suffered from delusions of grandeur during different phases of his lifetime. One of the primary reasons for this god complex-oriented behavioral pattern might have been due the psychological effect of his mother Olympia during Alexander’s childhood. She quite openly claimed that Alexander was the son of Zeus, after supposedly dreaming that her womb was struck by thunder. This extraordinary theory was apparently even ‘proven’ to Alexander by one of the oracles of Amun at Siwa, Egypt. As a result, Alexander began to seriously identify himself as the son of the deity Zeus-Ammon – as is evident from a few ancient silver coins that depict Alexander armed with a thunderbolt.

Alexander the Great also saw himself to be to rightful successor to the fabled Achaemenid emperors after his Macedonian army conquered the length and breath of ancient Persian realm. Such impressive yet influencing achievements in turn fueled Alexander to re-establish many of the Persian customs, like dressing up in the Persian royal attire and the upholding of the proskynesis. This latter mentioned practice entailed the traditional Persian act of bowing or prostrating oneself before a person of higher rank. Suffice it to say, the ‘democratic’ Greeks were averse to such a notion, and as such were alienated by many of Alexander’s megalomaniac decisions.

9) Alexander was a skilled musician and debater; but was also addicted to alcohol –

According to Plutarch, by the age of ten, Alexander was already quite an expert in playing the lyre, debating and even reciting – all of which were sometimes performed in front of his father’s guests. In fact, both poetry and music continued to inspire Alexander even during his later life – as did the consumption of prodigious volumes of alcohol. To that end, drinking and partying came quite naturally to the young Macedonian general, especially during his extended campaigns and hunting trips.

One particular incident related to Alexander’s penchant for ‘partying’ once again comes from the account of Plutarch, where the noted author goes on to describe the so-called Bacchanalian behavior of the Macedonian army. He mentions how Alexander and his army was returning through Balochistan after their disastrous Indian campaign – and the soldiers in this procession took part in every form of excess and decadence. Alexander himself was seated on a high dais surrounded by his companions – all draped in flowers and enjoying goblets of wine; while this massive platform was slowly drawn by eight horses. As Plutarch continued –

Not a shield was to be seen, not a helmet, not a spear, but along the whole march with cups and drinking-horns and flagons the soldiers kept dipping wine from huge casks and mixing-bowls and pledging one another, some as they marched along, others lying down; while pipes and flutes, stringed instruments and song, with reveling cries of women, filled every place with abundant music. Then, upon this disordered and straggling procession there followed also the sports of bacchanalian license, as though Bacchus himself were present and conducting the revel. Moreover, when he came to the royal palace of Gedrosia, he once more gave his army time for rest and held high festival. We are told, too, that he was once viewing some contests in singing and dancing, being well heated with wine, and that his favorite, Bagoas, won the prize for song and dance, and then, all in his festal array, passed through the theater and took his seat by Alexander’s side; at sight of which the Macedonians clapped their hands and loudly bade the king kiss the victor, until at last he threw his arms about him and kissed him tenderly.

10) There is a town in Pakistan that was originally named after Alexander’s horse!

Given his delusions of grandeur and tendency to deify himself, Alexander is estimated to have christened around 70 settlements (from Africa to Asia) after his own name. The thriving city of present-day Alexandria in Egypt stands as a testament to this personality-promoting pattern. However, Alexander’s obsession with his enviable achievements went beyond his own name, to also include his favorite horse – Bucephalus. Thereupon, Alexander named one of the settlements in (present) Pakistan as Alexandria Bucephalous or Bucephala, to commemorate his beloved horse who was mortally wounded in the hard-won Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC.

As if often the case, historians are still not sure of the exact location of this settlement – with some hypothesizing its location to be around the river Jhelum, and some conjecturing its location to be along a road that connected Taxila to the Jhelum (in the latter case, the townsfolk of Phalia sometimes claim their settlement’s original name to be Bucephala).

Honorable Mention –

Alexander had two different colored eyes –

Most accounts of Alexander portray him as having a fair skin that turned ruddy due to extensive military campaigning during most of his later life. He also had a clean-shaven face (thus making him stand out from the usually bearded Macedonians), and probably possessed a rather short and stocky body, with a slightly twisted neck and a harsh voice. However, Greek historian Arrian added another fascinating anecdote by saying that Alexander had “one eye dark as the night and one blue as the sky.” Later historians (namely Peter Green) have agreed upon this observation, thus suggesting that Alexander might have had a condition known as heterochromia iridum. And, added to all these physical attributes, Alexander may have also boasted of pleasant body odor – as is clearly mentioned in Plutarch’s “Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans,” written 400 years after Alexander’s death.

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Amphipolis.gr | The background a visit ...

Vangelis Stolaki

The look and the interest of other ... borders and more specifically in Europe and shift the mechanisms responsible for the archaeological excavation in Amphipolis Katerina Peristeri, realizing that with the new political leadership of the Ministry of culture will not ... off the edge. And this, because the Deputy Minister has made it clear that it will not provide extra money for continued excavation work, While the information they want to think about replacing both the k. Peristeri and her group in an attempt to "shake off" from the monument ... «samariki» aura. At the same time, Ms. Peristeri is seeking to find other donors, mostly European programmes after the ... tap the public for Amphipolis has been closed since last Jan.

The visit of members of the Committee on culture and education of the European Parliament with the participation of Greek MEPs and MPs in tumulus Kasta, After her ... the koystwdias rocked the calm waters of Amphipolis. It should be noted that in recent months except members and Nikos Xydakis the tumulus, that from August 2014 had become "first issue" in all Greek and foreign SMES visited and Patriarch Bartholomew. All this after call Katerina Peristeri, the archaeologist who after her collaboration with Lina Mendoni, and Anna Panagiotarea attempts to ... pull in the excavation of the spotlight, in order to press the Government of SYRIZA to finance. Not stay in the position of head of excavation, According to information, has to do with the fact that Ms. Peristeri maintains friendly relations with all Serraioys members, between them and with the Deputy Minister of Macedonia- Thrace Maria Kollia Tsaroucha, which reportedly spoke to Ms. Xydakis with the best words for ' Katerina ' as he calls.

Europe go ... tumulus Kasta!

For this reason, in an effort to return the topic in Ms. Peristeri accepted the request of the Committee on culture and education of the European Parliament and "hosted" the tomb of, delegation which participated and the President of the Commission, Silvia Costa. The head of the excavation even, He stressed that the European Commission will help in any way the continued excavation. "It's very much the thrill. Is too impressive the quality and level of find. It is our duty to be able to find a way to support the monument, "said Ms. Costa.

The visit of the MEPs but also of the Hellenic Parliament in the village Mesolakkia and the tumulus Kasta was accompanied by ... reactions of journalists, who in their quest to reach the monument were forcibly evicted from the guardian of the monument and collaborator of k. Peristeri. Finally with intervention by the archaeologist allowed entry by ... Sphinxes, that is the entrance of the Tomb. The voices of representatives of SMES, who saw the visit of MEPs as a good chance to get inside the monument, were perceived by their "guests" of responsible of excavation. What angered journalists is that while the Ministry of culture gave permission to eight people to enter the Tomb, It seemed that we visit and about ... fifty escorts.

Photos are prohibited

Of the visit were given clear instructions to the civilian. "Selfie are prohibited and using a mobile" reportedly told colleagues of Ms. Peristeri. The tour lasted about half an hour, from which the fifteen minutes it was inside the Tomb. About their experiences in the ... grave talk in the Karfitsa member of the Southwest, Elena Rapti and MEPs Theodoros Zagorakis and Giorgos Grammatikakis. The visit participated and member of southwest from Serres, Bright Arabatzi.

Elena Rapti, SW mp

Elena Rapti felt great AWE incoming in the archaeological work. "Has done an excellent job. We saw up close all as we had seen in pictures. All the findings remain in place. We arrived to the grave, "says in Karfitsa. "I've studied Culture in Open University know each stage of an excavation. For me had a great interest in academic» comment on Ms. Rapti.

Giorgos Grammatikakis, MEP with the «River»

"This visit of the Committee on culture, that was for the first time in Greece, had multidimensional symbolic and practical significance. The fundamental values that is trying today to defend Europe started sometime from places such as Amphipolis and Hill Kasta. So the message that pops up today, in a turning point for Greece, but also for Europe, is: The Greece together with Europe, for another, however, Europe, solidarity among the peoples and focusing on the real culture» notes from the side of the MEP's ' River ' Giorgos Grammatikakis.

Theodoros Zagorakis, MEP SW

"It really is something you don't expect to see it. So long I watched the discoveries from the tv. But when you enter inside and see close up discovering that is something very big. The feeling is very different when you see the finds from around. The AWE biggest. You smell the excavations! I think sometime the monument should be visited "comments from the side of the MEP of the Southwest, Theodoros Zagorakis. He fills that: "All MEPs were very positive. I hope sometime to restart the excavations. We will try to do everything so that the work be continued».

http://www.karfitsa.gr

Amphipolis. gr | Vergína : « … Today, After 131 years, the monuments have spoken for themselves ... "

Manolis Andronikos

When Léon Heuzey , o French archaeologist who began excavations of the Palace of Vergina in 1861, closing the publication of findings of, wish the continuation of research, It was impossible to imagine how fruitful it was this survey. He was careful not to let anonymous region that lies between the villages of Palatitsia and Vergina: the yielded the name of Vallas, a town unknown and insignificant, the name of the saved only some ancient dictionary. Archaeological Research resumed the 1937-38 by Mr. a. Roman and continues as today, proceeded without the help of any written source that could lead the steps of archaeologists.

Today, After 131 years, the monuments have spoken for themselves. The "ftheggomenoi stone", as so aptly described them a pioneer scholar of Macedonian archaeology, m. Dimitsas in the title of the valuable work of «Macedonia in lithois ftheggomenois and mnimeiois swzomenois», allow us to resurrect not merely an ancient Macedonian state,but the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Macedon, the Aigai or Aigees.

Written by the cemetery headstone of Vergina. Over 50 such columns by ordinary Macedonians citizens graves have been found. The Greek names of the dead around 400-350 e.g.. reinforce decisively the notion that the Macedonians were Greek sex without Illyrika or Phrygian elements.

Known and this only as a name, had a weird historical fate. Somewhere near the end of the 5th century prochristianikoy ceases to be capital of the Macedonian state, King Archelaus builds new capital, The Pella, down in the Valley, near the sea. Scarce made anymore references to goats in ancient writers, most notable is linked to the murder of Philip in the theatre of the ancient capital in 336 e.g.. A second stated in their occupation 274/3 e.g., by pyrrhus, the guard disengaging itself mercenaries Gauls and desecration of Royal Tombs.

Then slowly lismonietai, as other cities, as Veria, view the years of Roman domination and in the following centuries of Byzantine Empire. The most surprising though, is that once completely deserted and forgotten even the position of. When, After centuries, people interested in history and seek to identify the ancient cradles them, from an unexpected confusion, based on a Roman history-sympiliti, believe that Aigai match Edessa in Western Macedonia. This belief makes them overlook some obvious things, first of all, that is absurd and without precedent a town with two names, following the express testimony of an ancient geographer Ptolemy gives us different geographical spots for the two cities.

The chryselefantini shield of Philip

It took the net and scientific courage N. G. L. Hammond to rediscover the Aigai real location. For the first time 1968 in a statement in Thessaloniki supported that Aigai should be placed in Vergína, where had revealed the brilliant Palace and the Macedonian tomb with its imposing marble throne. His opinion based on a series of theoretical considerations and historical information. The continuation of excavations confirmed beyond any expectation the correctness of the identification of this. Today has been accepted by almost all historians and archaeologists. So the findings of excavations apochtoyn of particular importance, Why come to illuminate the history of the very birthplace of ancient Macedonians.

In the current phase of the excavations we can summarise with enough security our knowledge about the city of Aigai.

The first inhabitants of the area seems to have come to this place in the late bronze age, i.e. in the 11th ,or the latest, at the beginning of the 10th BC. century. This follows from the earlier burials the cemetery of tumuli, relating to this period.

The gold wreath that stood on the shoulder of the hydria Osteodochoy

The view that it is frygika sexes, Phrygians or Brygoys, finds support from explicit testimonies ancient sources that sometime the Phrygians lived in this part of Macedonia. When the Phrygians were moved, It is difficult to know, but when you think that in the 8th BC. century the Phrygian State of Asia has very impressive acne, We have to accept that Frygwn moved from Europe to Asia cannot be done after the 9th b.c.. century. What I think is certain is that the first Macedonians arriving in the area of Vergina not later than the beginning of the 7th century b.c., threshold does not exclude several prior installation.

Under this established by the Argeiadwn dynasty, the first capital of the Macedonian Kingdom Goat or Aigeai. Although we do not have archaeological finds from the city this season we can assume that he was in the hills south of the Palace. With the transfer of capital in Pella, the Aigai ceased to be the administrative centre, but retained the old glamour seems capital. The elements allow us to regard it as certain that in the 4th b.c.. century the Aigai experienced a period of prosperity , which is most likely due to Philip. In the 4th century. building brilliant Palace, made the theater, built churches and decorated with devotional and votive statues. The city spreads over a large area and below the Palace. It is very likely that the walls that surround almost all the town built in this period, While made remarkable water supply system. The sepulchral monuments and tombs, both assassinated. and the next, show not only wealth, and high cultural level of the inhabitants.

The iron Breastplate of Philip found at Vergina. Adorned with gold bands and discs with lion.

Apart from the Royal Tombs, a number of Macedonian tombs attest that wealthy nobles were still living in the old capital. After the Roman conquest brought a bending, but the city still exists, as we can infer from the remains of houses and tombs. But it seems that some displacement toward the plain, I started maybe older, continues in this phase, as evidenced by ruins, but, above all, the foundations of a Paleochristian basilica was revealed recently. For the first few centuries of the Byzantine Empire did not know anything. Though the written testimony of the 14th century we learn of the existence of the village Palatitsia, where the 16th century built the Church of Agios Dimitrios, that saves as today the richest toichografisi of.

It is true that the continuing and systematic study of the findings, will allow us to gain a much clearer and more safe image for this section of Hellenism, from the 4th century. and then starred in the historical course and managed to spread the Greek culture and the Greek language in limits almost universal.

The archaeological survey of the area has given far abundant material for both the knowledge of the culture of the Macedonians and the understanding of their historical physiognomy. It is true that the continuing and systematic study of the findings, will allow us to gain a much clearer and more safe image for this section of Hellenism, from the 4th century. and then starred in the historical course and managed to spread the Greek culture and the Greek language in limits almost universal. And would truly historic paradox, that has no precedent of, If you accept that the coefficients of this world was a nation "hellenization barbarian" which was forced by the rulers to eliminate its national character, change of names, to accept a foreign religion, forget his language to transform into a foreign body upper culture. Beyond any scientific details of sages, There is, I believe, the effective treatment of history which is not easy to become caught up either in pronunciation of a letter nor in the scholasticism of grammatical.

Posted in journal' Hellenic Red Cross Youth '' , March 1992

Amphipolis. gr | Legacy of m. Alexander's successors

The greatness of the Hellenistic dynasty in Bactria and India. Legacy of m. Alexander's successors.

Mark Passehl

Amphipolis.gr | Thucydides, the Trojan war and the concept of myth

Written by Thanasis Bantu

There is no doubt that the Homeric epics move more in myth than to historical reality. This is quite reasonable, After the epic concept, by default, involves exaggeration: "epic: poetic composition long-term inspiration and magnitude with intertwined stories, who celebrates with thriambologiki, laudatory and often Exoraistiki disposal known exploits heroes, gods and rulers ". (Dictionary of Mpampiniotis).

The epic aims to delight. The saga concerning the recreational potential of the panel having fed with myths. There is nothing more detonative, more balancing, more exypsotiko while more soothing than the team legend. That's why bards related festivals. Why the festivities associated with the wild, ie emotional release. Legend is the gate of this mechanism. It is the ritual of togetherness, operated almost intuitively, like illusion together, as equity surpassing oneself, as unconditional surrender, as collective - the limits of the metaphysical - experience.

And this is precisely the escape. We are talking about the exodus of individuality, that wants, just for a little bit, to unite with others. And the more alive the myth represented, the more true is. The myth truth is but the measure of vanishing intensity. The aim of the myth momentary loss of consciousness, which diffuses into the consciousness of the imaginary other that shape its evolution. And from here begins the conformation. Why is the identification and aversion that inevitably arises, as empathy, is not the unconscious restore self that underground is invited to take a stand, but implementing the myth that forces the audience to join diadramatizomeno scene.

Conflicts of imaginary cosmogony are personal affair, After, by overcoming the self, All are personally, turning the myth into experiential Treaty. The experience of the myth is the greatest emotional recovery, only as identification can be interpreted that becomes obvious pedagogical dimensions, transforming the imaginary buffer behavior factor in shaping desires against the alleged standards. Therefore the Homeric epics were the most reliable training material in ancient Athens. That "it still has a prominent position in today's schools. Why make it clear that the good identified with valor, patriotism, etc. and that the error is identified with cowardice, selfishness etc.. Faced with this truth optics has little importance.

But if the myth coincides with art, the truth is identified with science. And if the story is the search for the truth about the events of the past then there is no choice but to acquire scientific dimensions, only methodologically can be secured. And exactly here starts the role of Thucydides: "Thucydides the Athenian, wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War and the Athenians, how they fought each other, starting to write soon broke, and he predicted that large dimensions will take more remarkable than all the previous will be ". (book first, a paragraph, translated by A.. Georgopapadakou).

Thucydides obviously spent the first seven years of the Peloponnesian War Athens and knew the facts firsthand, having heard the words of Pericles and discussions about Pylos and Mytilene. When the 424 BC exiled for 20 years due to the loss of Amphipolis, fled to his estates in Thrace and devoted himself to writing the history of the war by defining for the first time in mankind the principles of scientific historiography:

"The operations during the war were, not judged proper to write them based on the first of the information or as I thought, but after I researched every possible accuracy for each, both for him that he was present and for those who learned from others. And identification was difficult, because the witnesses did not say the same for the same incident, but everyone according to his sympathy for one or the other faction or katapos remembered. And as to hear my narration, because missing from this mythical, perhaps it will seem less pleasant. But those who will want to know exactly what happened and those, according to human nature, will be once again such or similar as to consider my job done payload will be enough. The project is written more like essay eternal than a temporary reading can He hear some pleasant ". (book first, paragraph 22, A translation. Georgopapadakos).

Thucydides makes clear from the beginning that does not write for pleasure, but for the truth.But again we face teaching - pedagogical component that will benefit humanity, After, for Thucydides, The story moves from laws that require it to repeat "such or similar" and moving "according to human nature". That just interested Thucydides, human nature. Why is the official record of history is nothing but the study of human behavior in the various historical stimuli that the more one studies the, more notes that resemble.

Thucydides does not trust the facts "as sung by the poets, that exaggerated and embellished, or as reports Dictaphones, most requested to delight their listeners than to tell them the truth .... ". (book first, paragraph 21). Besides well aware that people are quite prone to myths: "There are many other things, and yet modern and not forgotten by polykairia, for that and other Greeks have erroneous opinions, like for example that the kings of the Spartans have one vote each, but two, and that there is a company Pitanatis the Spartan army that never existed. So little inconvenienced by many to seek the truth and more inclined to accept ready ". (book first, paragraph 20).

The Trojan War by Thucydides the lists in archeology. When Minos organized the Navy and fought piracy, making its seas safer, They began to flourish coastline. There being some "rich built walls around their cities. Why desiring profits, and the poorest accept dependence on stronger, and the stronger, having wealth, They made them vassals smaller cities. They are no longer in this condition, When, αργότερα, He has made the campaign against Troy '. (book first paragraph 8).

The imperialist game of power was the necessary condition to pass the Trojan war:

"Agamemnon, in my opinion, He managed to gather forces for the campaign against Troy, mainly because it was stronger than other rulers, and not because of Helen's suitors, made their leader, They were committed to the vows which they had to Tyndareus', and complements: "After receiving the inheritance that Agamemnon and simultaneously acquired a navy stronger than any other, could in my opinion will make campaign and those who followed him, the 'kaman more by fear than by courtesy.

Is, Moreover, obvious that he took part in the campaign having the most numerous ships and that gave Arkades, as mentioned by Homer, if one can rely on the testimony ..... If, well, Agamemnon had no significant navy, it could not, and it was a landlubber, to dominate islands, except nearby the, not many. And from this campaign should conclude what was the earlier situation ". (book first, paragraph 9).

Thucydides, defines the authority's financial interests as the driving force of history. So it speaks of human passions. Why there are no divine intervention, or games of fate, nor fortuitous events. Only the battle of power, namely the human factor. But the disenchantment of the Trojan war and regards the piece of actual warfare: "Even if you have to give and here faith in Homer, who, as poet, it is natural to the exaggerated, and this campaign again was obviously lower than today.

So says the poet that the twelve hundred ships that took part in the campaign, Boeotian had one hundred and twenty men each and Philoctetes fifty, wanting to show so, in my opinion, the biggest and the smallest.Certainly the list of ships not mention another size ships. That, Moreover, all the men were both rowers and warriors to mention, when you are talking about the ships of Philoctetes. He says here that all rowers were archers. Passengers, except kings and foremost officials, it is unlikely that many were on board, one and was to spend Sea loaded weaponry and also had no deck, but they were made in the old way, as pirate. So if you take the average of the larger and smaller ships, It does not seem to be many people who took part in the campaign, a and sent thereto warriors from all over Greece.

Reason for this was not so much the lack of people as lack of money. Because of inadequate supplies had brought little army, so only as they hoped he could be maintained locally by fighting. And when we landed and defeated in the first battle (it is obvious, because otherwise they could not have wall to protect their camp) and they do not seem to have used all their strength, but from lack of food, They engaged in the cultivation of the Peninsula and depredations. Because of the dispersion of their forces were the Troadites withstand ten whole years war, They were tied with the Greek forces at a time lived in the camp.

If, Instead, Greeks had come having food reserves and instead engaged in agriculture and looting, then fought together, easily, thanks to their superiority in battle, They would conquer the city, and after that was scattered and only part of their army whenever available, withstood. If, Moreover, They were making regular siege, They conquered Troy in less time and with less effort. But lack of money and before the Trojan was insignificant, and these same, Mole who were more famous than the previous, demonstrated by things that were inferior to the reputation and tradition, thanks to poets, He has now prevailed for them ". (book first, paragraphs 10 – 11).

Though, as a clear knowledge of the history - only the story as science can offer - becomes indispensable for sound judgment of events (namely human behavior as unfolding through the centuries), equally enlightening works and legend, that, ultimately, transforming events into art - in the light of the excesses of data - penetrates the human abyss turning it into an object of interpretation.We say in front of two conflicting mechanisms, finally reconciled, since in substance the same objectives.

Identifying behavioral incentives, the concept of collective action, the ambition of individuality, Extrapolation of the events in the present, attempting Forecast, reflection, identify the possible recurrence, the perception of continuity through the centuries, fanaticism, the economic interest, the irrational barbarism etc etc, in short pedagogical role of human study, the subject of historical development, concerns and history, as a scientific concept, and legend, as a concept art. That is why the historical restoration of the Trojan War by Thucydides, You will never frustrate the fictional rendering of Homer, but will tie in to the same eternal contrarian while joining skein.

The problem starts when the limits are lost and when the myth presented as fact deliberately distorting the historical truth. When that story coined arbitrarily converted from truth-seeking mechanism propaganda interests of service tool. But here we are not talking about legend. We are talking about opportunism, and this is a completely different story.

The Trojan horse (Trojan = wood) in Greek mythology is construction inspired by Ulysses, a wooden horse-crypt. Purpose of Ulysses was to mislead the Trojans and to perceive it as a gift and as a sign of good will and peace from the Achaeans.

"Thucydides 'History' translational. Georgopapadakou versions MALLIARIS EDUCATION A 'version 1985

http://mythagogia.blogspot.gr/2015/06/blog-post_14.html

theancientwebgreece.wordpress.com

Amphipolis.gr | The battle of Issus (333 e.g.)

The Alexander while he was in Mallo, He learned that Darius Camping with all its troops in Swchoys. This area belongs to Assyria and away from the Assyrian Gates about two stations. Therefore the partners gathered and announced the news about Darius and the army. They again urged him to start without delay. He praised and dissolved the meeting. The next day, He began to meet Darius and the Persians. Within two days from the time he passed the gates, encamped near the town Myriandro. In the night erupted storm with rain and strong wind and Alexander was forced to stay in camp.

From the other, Darius the army was winning time. He had chosen an open plain Assyrian, that could accommodate the large army and was suitable for cavalry maneuvers. Amyntas, son of Antiochus, who had defected from Alexander advised him not to leave the area, which was so spacious for the troops and supplies Persian. So he stayed there Darius. Meanwhile as Alexander delayed much in Tarsus, due to illness and Soloi, where sacrifice and made parades losing precious time fighting the highlanders Cilicians, Darius changed his mind. Moreover, He was ready to believe that it was more pleasant. They roused and minds are avlokolakes and believed that Alexander no longer wants to proceed, but he hesitated just learned that he is approaching. They stir everyone from all sides saying that it would trample on the cavalry to Macedonian army. However Amyntas insisted that Alexander will get anywhere is learned that Darius and urged waiting there. but convinced of the worst estimates, because at that time it was more pleasant. Maybe some divine power led him to that plain, because neither the cavalry especially benefited, nor the number of soldiers, and Alexander and the army easily defeated. Moreover, They were destined to lose the Persian hegemony in Asia by the Macedonians, as the Medes had lost by the Persians and earlier Assyrians by the Medes. O Darius crossed the mountains near the so-called Sleeveless gates, He proceeded to Issus and without being noticed, It was found in the back of Alexander. Entered Issus, where he killed with horrible torture ill Macedonians who had remained there. The next day, proceeded to the river Pinar. When Alexander heard that Darius is back, not considered reliable news.

So put on triakontoro (ship with thirty oars) some companions and sent to Issus, to check on the spot if the news is true. They learned very easily that the Persians are where the sea formed the bay. They sent a message to Alexander that is holding Darius. He again called a meeting of generals, their ilarchous and the commanders of the allies and urged them to have courage, as already earlier battles had a good result and the Macedonians would fight as winners vs. losers. Even he told them that the divine power is the best quarterback, He struck the mind of Darius getting his troops from the open plain and the cornered in the narrow passage that was that we had to develop the phalanx and the number of Persians will not help them in battle, because their physical condition and their moral fortitude was not depending on him. Alexander added yet, that the Macedonians of old practiced martial arts with many dangers and people were free, They will fight against the Persians and Medes who has long lived and highly self-indulgent life were slaves. And those Greeks will fight against Greeks, They will not do it for the same reasons· they will fight alongside Darius, They will risk their lives just for the money, while those who will fight the Macedonians will voluntarily defend Greece. As for the Barbarians, the Thracians, the Paionians, Illyrians and Agrianes, the most robust and well-trained European nations, They will be applied to the less skilled and more self-indulgent peoples of Asia.

End, Alexander himself would head toward Darius. He explained that these were their advantages in battle and say that their prizes in this race will be long. Because they would not defeat the satraps of Darius, the cavalry lined the Granicus and twenty thousand foreign mercenaries, but the flower Persian, the Medes and all the other nations enslaved to the Medes and Persians inhabit Asia and the very great king this. And after this battle, the only thing that would stay them, It would be the domination of the whole of Asia and the end of their labors more. Apart from these, reminded them of the glory of their common achievements and even, if there was a great personal achievement, the reminiscent and this, with him who did it. He described modestly what he had done himself in battles. They also reminded that the Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, although there were similarities in the number or, or other preparations· The myriad had no cavalry, nor Thessaly, nor Boeotian, nor Macedonian, nor Peloponnesian or Thracian, nor archers or slingers, except a few Rhodians and Cretans and those who organized the makeshift Xenophon in the risk. And yet they escaped the great king and his entire army to Babylon, They defeated all the people who were blocking the road and reached the Black Sea. He even said too many other suits telling a brave prince to brave men to give them courage before the battle. They surrounded him, They shook his hand and urged him to start immediately.

O Alexander ordered the soldiers to dine· then sent to the gates precursors few horsemen and archers to check in advance the path that led behind the gates. During the night immediately attacked the gates with all of the Army. Around midnight possessed all passages. The rest of the night the army rested there, on the stones, Carefully placing external guards. By dawn, He descends from the gates to the street. Where the road was narrow, led them arrayed in close line, but where open paretasse army convoy in, placing battalions of soldiers one after another, until they reach the right the mountain and to the left the sea. The cavalry had earlier placed after the infantry. Once they arrived in the open, the army arrayed for battle. On the right wing near mountain arrayed the contingent of infantry and his lieutenants, led by Nicanor, the son of Parmenion, next to them the order of the public and then the battalion of Perdiccas. Left, first placed the battalion Amyntas, then Ptolemy and after the Meleager. The Krateros appointed captain of infantry of the left side and Parmenion entire horn. even took command not removed from the sea, for not encircled by the barbarians, which flank so to their large number. principle.

The battle

Once Darius learned that Alexander approaching and ready to give battle, He spent about thirty thousand horsemen and twenty thousand about light infantry on the opposite bank of the river Pinar, to line up in peace the rest of his army. Placed in front of their soldiers about thirty thousand Greek mercenaries, opposite the Macedonian phalanx. Next to them on each side, about thirty thousand of the so-called Kardakkes, who were also soldiers. So fit area, if they lined up in convoy. On the left side, near mountain, across from the right side of Alexander, placed around twenty thousand. Some of them, They moved to the rear of the army of Alexander. The mountain where paratachtikan formed at a point cavity, like bay· then, Had a curve, which pushed them arrayed at the foot, behind the right wing Alexander. The remaining fine and soldiers paratachtikan against nations, behind the Greek mercenaries and their phalanx arrayed against barbarians, so deeply, that they are useless. It is said that the whole army of Darius consisted of six hundred thousand combatants men.

Alexander saw that little bit more the area widens in front placed in series cavalry so-called partners Thessalians and Macedonians. Them kept them close to the right wing, while he sent the Peloponnesians and the other left allies in Parmenion.

When Darius arrayed the convoy, He gave the signal to return the horsemen who had placed in front of the river, to cover the maneuvers of the army of. Most of them, put them in the right horn, near the sea, where the area was more suitable for cavalry. Another part of the Left led, near mountain. but there, it seemed that it would be useless, because of lack of space. So he ordered many of them come with their horses in the right wing. The Darius himself was in the middle of the party, as the law of the Persian kings. Xenophon, his son jack, He was the reason for this placement.

Meanwhile, Alexander noted that almost all the Persian cavalry moved to the left of, near the sea. But there was only deploy the Peloponnesians and the rest of the allied cavalry. So He sent quickly to the left the Thessalians horsemen, ordering them not to go in front of the array, to not reveal the moving enemies, but to move hidden behind the phalanx. Placed in front of the riders to the right precursors, led by Protomacho and Paionians, led by Ariston. In front of pedestrians, put archers, led by Antiochus. even arrayed them Agrianes led Attalus and some horsemen in corner, near the mountain that stood behind him. So, on the right side of the column was divided into two parts, one of which looked to Darius and the main body of the Persians, over the river and the other to the arrayed mountain, across their backs. On the left, in front of the infantry, placed Cretans and Thracians archers led by Sitalkes and in front of the left side of the cavalry. Foreign mercenaries were placed behind all. But because Alexander considered the column to the right was sparse and the Persians far seemed to transcend, iles ordered two partners to leave the vehicle and move secretly to right. These were the Anthemusias with ilarcho the Peroida, son menestheus and called Lefgaia, with ilarcho the Pantordano, son Kleandrou. archers, some Agrianes and Greek mercenaries led in front of the right part and proexeteine the convoy until the horn Persian. The Persians who had been placed on the mountain not attempted descent· Alexander ordered Agrianes and few archers make raid against them. Easily forced to abandon the foothills and mountain resort. Alexander then decided to have the ability to use them placed there to complete the phalanx. At this point, held that the three hundred horsemen sufficient.

Having placed them so, Alexander ordered the convoy to proceed for some time with small stops· their progress closely resembled walk. Once the barbarians tachtopoiithikan to their original positions, Darius did not went further. He remained on the river, which was in many places steep, building trench at points that seemed most vulnerable to assault. This has shown to Alexander and his entourage that Darius was defeated psychology. When the two camps had already approached, Alexander horseback skirted lining, rousing his men to look brave. Called to praise depending not only their heads and their captains and ilarchous and foreign mercenaries who were best known due to some office or some exploits. From everywhere, the screaming would not delay, but to attack enemies. He still leads a faction, principle marching, although already saw the army of Darius. This, lest diasaleftei class in convoy and driven to dissolution, walking faster. Once they arrived within striking distance, first the right wing led by Alexander himself quickly entered the river. The aim was to surprised the Persians at the speed of attack to limit the losses Persian arrows and accelerate melee. Things were as imagined Alexander. Once started the melee, the left part of the Persian army fled. At this point, They achieved a brilliant victory Alexander and sequenced. The Greek mercenaries but they are fighting with Darius, They attacked the Macedonian phalanx, whose right wing had begun throwing. Because Alexander the rush to get to the river and start the battle from the close quarters, already pushed the Persians who were lined up at this point. The middle of the lineup but could not move so fast· in many places even fell on the steep banks and was unable to keep the original class. The Greek mercenaries then hit the convoy where you saw that has more losing its cohesion. There they played a lot of things· mercenaries trying to xanasproxoun Macedonians river and keep winning, already flying away· Macedonians again did not want to betray the apparent success of Alexander and destroy the reputation of the phalanx, hitherto rumored as invincible. Then woke competition between Macedonians and southern Greek. Then Ptolemy killed, son of Seleucus, fighting bravely and about one hundred and eighty eminent Macedonians.

Meanwhile the battalions of the right faction saw that the Persians, who were before them, permits already in flight. then they turned against the foreign mercenaries of Darius, where part of the phalanx accept strong pressure· their repulsed by the river, outflanking parts of the Persian army had broken, attacked from the side and massacred mercenaries. The Persian horsemen located opposite the Thessalians did not keep their positions across the river, but they went and attacked by bravery in Thessalians. Εκεί, It became very tough cavalry battle· Persians fled, only when they realized that Darius was leaving and half had completely dispersed and katasfagei the phalanx. then anymore, it became apparent that all fled. During the retreat the horses the Persians suffered from heavy armed riders· and the riders themselves but, as were many and retreated disorderly and fearful through narrow passages, mockery among themselves and thus suffers more damage than that caused their enemies. Their Thessalians persecuted bravely· so, during the retreat killed so those riders and pedestrians.

Darius just saw that left faction panicked with the advent of Alexander and cut off from the rest of lineup, He walked away with the first, as he was on his chariot. Ran as smooth ground when fleeing the, He was safe on his chariot· But upon arriving at the gorge and inaccessible area, threw kandy (mantle) and shield, He dropped the bow into the chariot, left it there and went on horseback fleeing the. That there was captured by Alexander, because he rapidly fell night. Alexander kept as light, She chased him with all his strength· but when it got dark and he could not see in front of, He turned again into the camp. But he took the chariot of Darius and, therewith, shield, the kandy and bow. From the other, delayed the chase, because just saw the first rift in convoy, He turned back and did not start until after he saw that foreign mercenaries and cavalry turns away from the river. From the Persians, They killed the Arsames, the Reomithris and Atizyis, leaders of the cavalry at Granicus· even, the Safakis, satrap of Egypt and Vouvakis, Persian official. Of the others killed about a hundred thousand pedestrians and more than ten thousand horsemen. even says Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, which then followed Alexander, that persecutors Darius met a canyon and passed clicking on the corpses. The Darius camp immediately seized by raid and captured his mother, his wife, who was also his sister, young son, two daughters and a few nobles Blinds sequence. Because the other Persians had sent their wives and their belongings in Damascus. And though Darius had sent to Damascus in more money and whatever else gets him a king, to live lavishly on campaigns. So the camp were not more than three thousand talents. The money were in Damascus he took shortly after Parmenion, He went there for that purpose. So ended this battle, the Maimaktiriona month, when Athens was archon the Nikokratis.

The next day

The next day, Alexander despite his injury in the thigh by sword, He visited the wounded and having been kidepse majestically dead, lined entire phalanx in the most impressive way to lead to war. Those found personally that excelled in battle, the consensus that existed for their accomplishments, She honored them with his words and with donations commensurate with their value. Appointed satrap of Cilicia to Valakro, son of Nicanor, one of the royal bodyguards. In his place, the bodyguards, placed the next, his son Dionysios. Guild master Ptolemy, son of Seleucus, killed in battle, appointed Polyperchon, son Simmia. Residents of Solon, from the tax imposed, gave fifty talents had not yet returned and give hostages.

even made sure the mother, the wife and children of Darius. Some of those who wrote the history of Alexander say that the very night he returned from the pursuit of Darius, He headed to the scene of Darius, which was to use the same. So nearby heard women crying and analog noise· He asked to learn what these women and why were staying so close. Someone replied: "King, It is the mother, the wife and children of Darius. They learned that you got his bow and basil kandy and that comes back the shield and mourn, because they think that Darius died ". When he heard these Alexander, sent a partner, the Leonnatou, with a mandate to tell them that Darius lives and that the flight of dropped weapons and kandy on his chariot, and that only those objects held by Alexander. The generals Leonattos went on stage, He said what happened to Darius and even that Alexander will give them all the royal values and the addresses queens· This is because not personally fighting against Darius, but according to the laws for the sovereignty of Asia. They say Ptolemy and Aristobulus. It is also said something else· The next day, Alexander himself entered the scene, having only companion Hephaistion partner. The mother of Darius did not understand which one is king, because they were dressed in the same way. So she went ahead and bowed Hephaestion, she seemed more majestic. But Hephaestion made it back and someone from the environment showed Alexander telling her what. This embarrassed about the mistake and fell. Then Alexander said she is not wrong, because he too is Alexander. I just mention the fact, nor as true but not as completely fake. But if that made things, commend Alexander regretted that women and showed such confidence and appreciation to his friend. but it may simply be the authors felt that Alexander could speak and behave so. Even if this is the case again commend.

O Darius escaped into the night, with few of the sequence of. Spend a day to assemble the Persians and foreign mercenaries who survived the battle. Collect around four thousand and with them quickly moved to the city Thapsako and the River Euphrates. Hurry to put the river between himself and Alexander. Amyntas, son of Antiochus, the Thymondas, his son Mentor, the Aristomidis of Feres, the Vianoras from Akarnania, all defection, together with their soldiers (eight thousand people around as it was lined, They came down from the mountains and arrived in Tripoli in Phoenicia. There by the ships which arrived from Lesbos and had now pulled ashore, They grabbed what they believed to be sufficient for their transport. The dropped in water, They burned the rest in Naval Stations, to not facilitate the persecution and fled to Cyprus, that way, in Egypt. There a little later, something cobbled together Amyntas and killed locals. Pharnabazus and Autophradates awaited advance in Chios. They placed guards on the island, sent some ships in Kos, Bodrum and the same as the one hundred most seaworthy went to Sifnos. Εκεί, She went and found the king of Sparta, Agis, on a trireme. He asked money to make war and demanded to send the Peloponnese as more army and navy could. That moment, came the news of the battle at Issus. They were surprised by the announcement. Pharnabazus with twelve galleys and fifteen hundred foreign mercenaries went to Chios, because he was afraid of the announcement of the defeat rebel Chians. Agis got from Autophradates thirty silver talents ten triremes. Hippias commissioned to lead them to his brother, Agesilaus, in Tainaro. He ordered him to tell Agesilaus give sailors their entire salary and go as soon as possible in Crete, to settle things there. He remained in principle the islands and later went to Autophradates Bodrum. Alexander appointed satrap of the hollow Syria Menon, his son Kerdimma and gave him to guard the country the allied cavalry. He went to Phoenicia. On the way he met the barracks, son Girostratou, King of rows and the neighboring region. The Girostratos followed his Autophradates voyage, like other kings of Cypriots and Phoenicians. The barracks but, when he met Alexander, crowned with the gold wreath and handed the island of Arados, rich and happy city Fennel, built on land opposite the rows, the Sigona, Mariammi the city and the rest commanding.

Sources

1. http://www.hellinon.net/

2. Arrian "Anabasis of Alexander Book II 'performance in Modern Greek from the book" Greeks "of Ulysses versions Chatzopoulos.

http://chilonas.com/2013/02/17/%CE%B7-%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D-333-%CF%80-%CF%87/

Amphipolis.gr | Exichniazontas crime in ancient Amphipolis

Atrocious crime in ancient Amphipolis! Five bodies dipped in blood and a suspect compose the puzzle of heinous murders. But nothing is as it seems or as the true perpetrators wanted to look ...

The lifeless bodies flying over their data "reveal" the perpetrators. He who undertakes to unravel the thread of the case is none other than Alexander the Athenian ... The hero of Thanou Kondyli in his second adventure captivates the reader until the last page. With the movements of breaks omertà villa and reveals a sensational case that the murders were the tip of the iceberg. The author of "Crime in Ancient Amphipolis" Thanos account "interrogated" by the Docket for new and unsettling book responds with openness to the questions we. Enjoy the interview below, but read the book which will win you from the first moment ... "Nothing is as it seems and nothing is harder than the truth". "Crime in Ancient Amphipolis", a book that you worked long. Why your project you distract many positive reviews and opinions. You think that is one of the spearheads of your writing course;

«It is one of the most important of my books with historical content. I had three months research in libraries and about seven months to complete. The history of ancient Greece in each level is passed through these pages. Well not accidentally has addressed the audience who loves Greek history and quality readings. I believe that such a book was missing from the Greek market of novel and so I wrote ".

This is the second adventure of Alexander the Athenian, so why the action this time moved and unfolded in Ancient Amphipolis;

"The CRIME IN ANCIENT Amphipolis is the second adventure of Alexander Athenian, Judge now arrives at Amphipolis, Athenian colony to Macedonia 5^the century BC. X. This city was not accidental for Athens. Basically it was a, where possible, city - a copy of the metropolis and thus of equal. With this novel, than other, I want to show the reader the imperialist policy of the great power of antiquity, Athena's, which largely operated in the ancient world as today America. I had no better choice than the ancient Amphipolis. I always thought that the past can teach us many and so chose Amphipolis to the center of my novel ".

"One in both the rulers is not bad to keep in touch with the world. Listen to the needs of. And I believe that it is imperative ... "What happens in our own contemporary political society;

"Probably not. the princes, Whatever they, Today minimally engaged with the world. Unless they are election season and so beg the vote tazontas "hares with stole" as the saying goes. Unlike ancient Greece where politicians were circulating among the people, was a citizen among citizens, nothing more and nothing less ".

"She left leaving behind a smile that promised much. I went back in the sea. I closed my eyes and let myself hear the call ". Woman and sea in a snapshot ... At that time Alexander conquered the Athenian both creating the "fiery thoughts". Eventually the fire, the woman and the sea are integral parts of our lives;

"For fire and the sea do not know. inevitably though – and personally I would say, especially for women ... EFTYCHOS present among us! think, what would be a life without female; Nothing. The world will not proceed. The life of man depends on woman multiply, and I do not mean only sex. The female is essentially the essence of the existence of this world, from any point of view. Here I will say something else. Remember that before what we call "historical times", the woman, form of, was the dominant worldwide. Especially in prehistoric times was the only "God" that honored by people. The transition of societies to a new level during the historical years brought the total reversal with most dominant males, even at the level of the gods ..., that mean that!».

"If it was an island I would say that I was in the islands of the Blessed, where the souls of the righteous man and "Olbia heroes go" ... that says the poet Hesiod. We now today we have forget the life we do to seek these islands;

"Unfortunately today people do not deal with ideas but just things. In other words, are not interested in the ideal and the ideal only what they see their eyes and what they catch their hands. I believe this is the greatest degradation of our culture than the culture that had developed the ancient Greece and which is largely based on the ideas, the non-material world, but without being relegated and the world of things and the senses. I think it was a balance that has now been lost ".

"The moneylenders are the worst enemies of citizenship and democracy collectively", Alexander said the Athenian referring to Chrysanthos. Really what he would say if he lived today that the entire planet is a prisoner usurers gang;

"He just would stoically confirmed his view. Generally the world of ancient Greece did not differ much from the current world. Alexander was a pragmatist of the era. He had his eyes open and profession listens more than anyone at the time of. Well I do not think that would feel and great surprise if he lived today ".

Could Areopagite keep the information appeared in the beginning and closed the case against Chrysanthos. But did extensive research and piece - part completed jigsaw puzzle of multiple murder. The role of the judge proved important for the life of people like respectively doctor. The faith in the administration of justice is armed with patience and faith people until our days;

"Think, these two elements are home every man who believes in the divine and that justice is a final expression. Especially nowadays that lawlessness is almost status, justice is really stability pillar of our society ".

How important were the findings of the coroner to clarify crime;

"The medicine was of the greatest sciences which flourished in our country since ancient times. Well I could not not to mention. Together and philosophy and mathematics. StoEGKLIMA IN ANCIENT Amphipolis medicine and its representative, Alexander's friend Judge indeed prominently ".

A person of "bottom" of society was this whose testimony essentially corroborated the conjecture of Aeropagitou. This shows that we must respect those who are next to us as "high" and "low" and if;

"The testimony of that person was actually an auxiliary. But nothing could help itself Alexander. Essentially a meaning and an idea that I pass the text is that the logic has many aspects and their combination and only one leads to the solution, or if you want to redemption ".

"I remembered the saying attributed to known Chilonos the Lacedaemonian, the "Meden Agan" ... "The exaggeration hurts but not seen from our history and from our DNA that we are people who do not have any measure;

"Correct. And this is one of the basic meanings of the story will read. The exaggeration hurts everything - even at the level of love – never benefit. Unfortunately Greeks are, consider, people of extravagance and many times we think we can do things beyond our powers ".

The Ktisifontas the architect is the "key" of the past and today;]

"Correct. In this particular part of the book the reader will read the fictionalized version of how possibly began building the current tomb in Amphipolis and will receive information about how the ancients honored their dead. You will be pleasantly surprised "!

Why would someone choose this book now summer among dozens of titles in circulation;

"The CRIME IN ANCIENT Amphipolis is a book that conveys Greece from the first to the last page. Why would someone choose a book that is unrelated to our beautiful Greece; Why would someone not read a good historical novel that beyond the pleasure not to learn five things about the history of our beautiful country; This is a book that gives us all this and more. Anguish, Answers to questions about human nature, of how thoughts of our ancestors, for life itself ".

End, "Crime in Ancient Amphipolis" what is your own view on the discoveries made last year and if you think Amphipolis is important deposit of culture and ancient history and why;

"Indeed Ancient Amphipolis is a culture deposit in Greece and the world at large. My personal view is that we have much more to see and learn from the tomb of Amphipolis. I also believe that over time was used by our ancestors, hence the remains of five frames. But let's have a little patience, until they come for official announcements by archaeologists on the mound, so too will solve our many questions ".

About the book

432 e.g.. Alexander Khan, Aristocrat and Supreme Court, switches to Amphipolis with a mandate to review the functioning of the judicial system of the new colony of Athens in Macedonia.

One day receives an invitation from a friend to attend a two-day symposium in an enormous villa outside the city. There you will meet many people and a beautiful slave, the Evmorfia, you love him. For two days will be left in the fun and love, But the day will awaken the screams of despair and cries of pain. Will rush and will be found in front of the corpses of some of the diners. You will immediately begin intensive investigations and interrogations.

They will very quickly realize that several had serious motives to commit murder and benefit in different ways. But what Alexander did not suspect is that the killer continuously monitor and, quaintly, leads his steps. Whither we; In death;

Ancient Amphipolis relives through the pages of this mystery and love story with an explosive rate action and unforeseen developments.

Two words from the author

"This book literally breathes the rhythms and sounds of ancient Greece. In its pages emerges from the past Ancient Amphipolis shrouded in mist of mystery knit novelist, so wanting in my own way to revive the history and the present in modern Greek reader as an admirable piece of the ancient Greek world "

Interview Lefteris X. Theodorakopoulos and Docket

Amphipolis.gr | Amphipolis: Unraveling the tangled web of history

A city of Northern Greece with rich history and background affair, public interest in 2014 with a huge discovery… and a grave looking the enoiko of.

Amphipolis in addition to one of the major cities of Macedonia in antiquity, It was in Roman times a particular urban center in the region, It was the seat of the administrative district “Macedonian First” and seat of Bishop in the early Christian times.

The first findings linking Amphipolis with the early Christian times and make it a remarkable religious center of the time, brought to light by the excavations of, the 1961, the archaeologist Dimitris Lazaridis.

"But the longer axiologon ktirion Ito church early Christian times, revealed unto Bezesteni position '’ and within the field of Joseph Efthymiadis, East of apokalyftheisis in the year 1961 Colonnade. Ekplixin causes the fact that four palaiochristianikai basilikai eichon built in so very apostasin one from the other. Royal d Micron only part emerged, namely the eastern side on the outside and only a portion of the northern and southern side of. It was detected that this is a Royal triklitoy width 19,85 and diameter socket 6,75 m. The South side became clear on film 14,38 m. the North on length 11,20 m. The exterior walls of the Basilica have thickness 0,80 m. – 0,85 m., the wall of the socket 1 Metron and the mainstay 0,78 m. It was detected by a test trench genomenis unto the central aisle, that Royal had plakostrwton dapedon…”, the archaeologist Dimitris Lazaridis in "proceedings of the archaeological society, in the quote of the year 1964 with theme: "Anaskafai and ereynai at Amphipolis».

Written testimonies reveal that was a stopping point of the Apostle Paul, you going to Thessaloniki, passed from Amphipolis and preached Christianity in the region. Specific, It is reported that in the middle of the 1st century a.d, around 50 a.d., the Apostle Paul in his path by Philippi in Thessaloniki, passed from Amphipolis. According to oral testimonies, the Apostle Paul the year 49 a.d., along with three companions of Silas and Timothy Luke as they go from Philippi in Amphipolis, stopped in the village of Rodolivos of Amphipolis, After the apocalyptic vision that saw one night when he was in Troas, on the Asian side of the Dardanelles straits, There was built the ancient city of Troy.

According to the vision, as mentioned in the New Testament in the book of the acts of the Apostles, who wrote the Evangelist, physician and associate of Paul the Apostle refers specifically: and Paul appeared during the night a vision of "A female Macedonian stood erect, pleasing him and saying: Passage to Macedonia and help us ".

Christian Amphipolis is in the same archaeological site in place of the ancient Acropolis. With the end of the ancient world, the transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire in Constantinople and the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of, favored a new blooming period of Amphipolis as a place of Christian pilgrimage.

"When you were in ereynan parts with diakosmisin aplin reflectives crosses and various architectural elements namely sections columns and kiokranwn with diakosmisin soft akanthis sheets and cross in the Middle. In the soils of epichwsews perisynelegisan marquetry and mosaic sections EC katastrafeisis decoration of the walls of the Basilica "mentions in his memoirs, the archaeologist Dimitris Lazaridis.

During the 6th century one witnesses in place of pagan shrines of ancient Acropolis, continuing the monumental temples of the new religion. The excavations uncovered four Basilicas of triklites 5th and 6th century a.d. with superb mosaic floors. The most impressive Byzantine monument in the area is the perikentros Temple of the 6th century Basilica, one of the few early perikentroys temples in Greece. The edge of the city in early Christian times attest and other findings, as inscriptions, embossed, tombstones, vessels, coins and miniature paintings. Under discovered miliaria (miliaria), ododeiktes, in which state the mileage from the previous Station Road. In them also inscribed the name of the manufacturer of the Egnatia and later of the anakainistwn.

Despite the downsizing of the ancient city, Amphipolis of early Christian times extended and outside the fortification of the walls. The size and brilliance of religious buildings testify to the dynamism of the early Christian city.

Pestilence, in the 6th century and the movement of Slavic peoples then, led to the gradual degradation of the city and eventually led to its demise as an urban centre. According to the archaeologist Stavroula Dadaki, There is destruction of monuments and shrinking of the city, phenomenon found in all early Christian cities of the Mediterranean basin and reflects the critical period of the Byzantine Empire at that time. The absence of Amphipolis by the sources from the late 7th century and after (last mention of the diocese Amphipolis becomes the 692 a.d.), indicates the rapid decline and abandonment of. After the 9th century, the household core policy at the mouth of the Struma, where a port city, along the lines of mesobyzantinwn cities-castles, known by the name Chrysoypolis and in life as in the 16th century. In the area of the Delta of Strymon scattered buildings of Byzantine and post-Byzantine years, associated either with dependencies of Mount Athos with either the port of Kavala and the roads that lead from the coast to the hinterland.

On the ruins of the historic Amphipolis created a small settlement, the Marmarion, which lies north of the modern village, outside the fortified city and near the crossing of the river Strymon, known as a resource of marmari, the ancient wooden bridge, and served the parking needs of travelers, I coloured the Struma. Life in the Marmario continued in the post-Byzantine and early Ottoman times.

In the mid-14th century in the region of Amphipolis operate the brothers Alexios and John, who as allies of the Emperor John V Palaiologos distracted the region from Serbs. In 1367 erected a tower which dedicated the monastery Pantocrator. The tower rises in the first slopes of the Hill, near the village of marmari and survives by half. Along with the Tower of the Arabs on the other side, Domaine of the monastery of Zografou, It was concentration and distribution points of the agricultural production of the hinterland of Struma. The Marmarion as settlement survived as the early Ottoman times and bridge ships reached the mouth of the Strymon eiseplean. Last reported in 1547 from the browser Belon, While Chrysoupoli had already declined. The passage, however, the River at this point was retained until the 18th-19th century. By the 18th century a new settlement named Neochori was developed on the hillside and closer to the ruins of ancient and Christian Amphipolis. Today the modern settlement lies in a part of ancient walled city and North of Paleochristian.

The Paleochristian Amphipolis lies almost in the middle of ancient Amphipolis and occupies a small section from the top of a low hill where the Citadel of classical times. Defined by its own precinct. The yard with total perimeter 1105 m. It forms an irregular rectangle with an extension on the northeast corner. The South side coincides with the route of the southern part of the ancient Acropolis. Survives to a height that varies from 0,50 m. until 1,50 m. and width ranging from 1,65 m. until 2,75 m. It has two main gates on the North-South axis and three pylides. Reinforced at intervals by tetrapleyroys towers and a circular on the northeast corner. Show repairs, additions and recoveries in different seasons. Generally dated to the 4th-6th centuries. At the end of the 6th – early 7th century a transverse wall from North to South with a pentapleyro Tower in the city limited 1/4.

The early Christian Basilicas of Amphipolis

Within the walled area anaskaftikan four basilicas that conventionally have been named Royal s, (B), (C), (D), a periapsis building, a tank and portions of houses. The early Christian Basilicas of Amphipolis are small buildings than those of Philippi and Thessalonica. The type of xylostegis Royal, Guy who prevailed in the early Christian era throughout the Mediterranean basin. Decorated with exquisite architectural sculptures and mosaic floors. The Basilica A, It is the first Christian building identified, by archaeologist Dimitris Lazaridis. It is a three-aisled with splint, Exo-narthex and atrium, and different annexes. Divided into three aisles by two colonnades of which found several columns with their kionokrana. It also maintained the base of pulpit with antwpi scale and the mainstay of the dam of presbyterioy. The floor of the nave and the narthex was from marble slabs, While the side aisles and the Exo-narthex there were mosaics, from retained the South aisle, as well as those of the vestibule.

The Basilica dates based on the architectural decoration in the middle of the 6th century. The transverse wall that passed over the achristeyse. The Royal B, located near the northeast corner of the fortification wall. It is a three-aisled with a narthex and atrium. On the north side of the atrium and narthex developed four auxiliary spaces. The Middle nave brought marble flooring, While the lateral aisles mosaics of which barely maintained. Dated to the 6th century. The Royal C, located in the western part of the city, a few meters Northwest of the Royal s. It is a three-aisled with a narthex and atrium, which is located on the South side of rather than in Western. Brought mosaic floors with hearty vegetable and geometric decoration in all areas of. In the area of the apse is preserved a late one-room Chapel. Dating to the second half of the 5th century. The construction of the subsequent transept left her outside the teichismenis area.

Royal d ' is the last Royal in Apocalypse series, but rather the artefacts chronologically (2nd half of 5th century). It is a three-aisled with splint, patio and various annexes that develop in the North and South side of. Inside survives the mainstay of the presbyterioy dam and the base of the pulpit. The Middle aisle had marble floors and the lateral clay slabs. From the Atrium is maintained the mainstay of portico and columns that were in place.

The perikentros Temple is the most striking composition early Christian architecture monument of the city and is one of the few perikentroys temples of this period in Greece. Core of the temple is a central Hexagon surrounded by regional corridor floor plan oktagwnikis. In the East the five sided one protrudes outside the niche of apse flanked by two rectangular rooms. The entire Temple is decorated with rich marble inlays that in some places are preserved in very good condition.

http://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/politismos/story/595346/amfipoli-xetyligontas-to-koyvari-tis-istorias#ixzz3cgbZmPS3

Amphipolis.gr | Canada: "Greeks: By Agamemnon to Grand Alexander»

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With headlines tributes and soapbox titles like "The glories of Greece" welcomed Canadian SME large exhibition "The Greeks: By Agamemnon to Grand Alexander», launched in Museum Culture Canada, in Ottawa, which accepts annually 1,2 EC. visitors from around the world.

The exhibition "The Greeks: Agamemnon to Alexander the Great »designed by the Ministry of Culture, Education in collaboration with the Consortium of four major museums in Canada and US: Pointe à Callière Montreal Archaeology and History Complex (Montreal), Canadian Museum of History (Ottawa), Field Museum (Chicago), National Geographic Museum (Washington). It includes more than five hundred exhibits, masterpieces of ancient Greek sculpture, painting and kosmimatotechnias, from 22 greek museums.

With most of the exhibits to travel for the first time in museums B. America and a museological inventive design, focusing on man, and a wide variety of interactive happenings, and modern technological means, The report has already been presented with great success and spectacular turnout of visitors at the Museum of Point-a-Calliere Museum of History and Archaeology in Montreal.

From the 5 June to 12 October continues its journey to Canada, He will be presented in the History Museum of Canada in Ottawa. Then he moved to the Field Museum in Chicago (24 November 2015 until 10 April 2016) and the National Geographic Museum in Ouasigkt0n (26 May 2016 until 9 October 2016).

The central theme of the exhibition are the Greeks as forms through the excavation data, starting from the anonymous illustrious dead, moving the mythological wanax Agamemnon, the aristocrat last name and ending with eminent personalities of culture, as Plato and Aristotle, and historical figures, like Philip and Alexander the great.

The exhibition, time frame which covers from the Stone Age to the Hellenistic period, i.e. from the 6000 e.g.. approximately until the 2nd century. e.g., structured in ten modules.

1.Prelude: The man in the prehistoric Aegean

In sub-sections presented works from the Neolithic period in Greece, as amulets from Aravissos. The presence of Cycladic merchants and seamen declared by burials from Amorgos, Naxos, Paros and engraved ship illustration in frying pan from Syros.

*2.the Mycenaeans *

The royal shaft graves of 16th century Mycenae. e.g.. create the basis for the myth of Rich Mycenae Homer. The "Prince of Assini", seals and gold rings with performances of cult scenes, figurines from the cult center of Mycenae presented, inter alia, in this section.

3.Hostage: Myth and History

The heroes of Homer associated with the gods to stand alone, powerful and dominant human form.

4.noblemen

Since the end of the 12th century. e.g.. important events form the transition from the palace in the "city- state", movements Greek tribes, establishing colonies, new economic centers and cohesive nation bonds. They will be presented including the Homer head of the National Archaeological Museum, the scene of the blinding of Polyphemus, the "burial" of deirotomithentos from Eleftherna.

5.Athletes and Panhellenic Games

The fighting spirit of the Greeks depicted the headstone of discus thrower, in copper pan- dedication athlete in the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, the Panathenaic amphora of Nafplio Museum with match race.

6.Kouros and crust

From the 7th century. BC evolution in how imaging of the human form is remarkable. The kouros, naked young man, it is set up for more than two centuries imposing sanctuaries as "statue" for the god or grave marker for mortal. The pupils will be set up as bright images of feminine grace and modesty, the temples of the gods and in tombs as "signals". Kouros from the Sanctuary of Ptoos Viotia comes from the Archaeological Museum of Thebes and the daughter of the Acropolis Museum.

7.Leonidas, King of Sparta.

Legendary hero of the battle of Thermopylae. The arrowheads exposed from the scope of the historical battle.

8.Athenians and Democracy.

The Athenians and their achievements in architecture, sculpture, painting, theater, history, philosophy, presented through iconic works like aftostefanoumenos the National Archaeological Museum, enepigrafoy epikranoy part of the Acropolis, marble athlete's head and two heads probably the metopes of the Parthenon of the Acropolis Museum, two tombstones from the National Archaeological Museum. Sophocles from the Archaeological Museum of Argos and tragic masks, the Plato portraits, Aristotle, Demosthenes.

9.Philip Ii

The policy, military and economic rise of the Macedonian kings with the consequences of the known world projected by presenting plastic works, painting and jewelery from the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Aigai and Pella. Features exhibits are silverware from the tomb of Philip II, gold wreath Aigai, gold medal Olimpiadas. Under dominates the head of Alexander from Pella.

10.Alexander. The dawn of a new world

The report of the Hellenistic figurines from the Archaeological Museum of Pella marks the time of the successors of M.. Alexandrou

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