Selective – Page 16

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DERAS CHRYSOMALLO. REALITY OR MYTH;

ELLINIKOS XRYSOS THE DERAS CHRYSOMALLO 01

As it known, the discovery of metals and the development of the metallurgy associated with early and Middle Bronze age. The development of techniques for the processing of metals, as was only natural passed into the realm of myth and attributed to the gods and goddesses of metallurgy. With the movement of the first Metalworkers in the Aegean, in order to find new sources of raw material and relevant markets are the late bronze age the two national campaigns, the Argonautic and Trojan, as well as the colonization of Cyprus and of Miletus. The mythological traditions of the expedition of the Argonauts in Colchis looks that have a historical nucleus of the Mycenaean trade expansion with the goal of handling metallurgical products and search for raw materials.

ELLINIKOS XRYSOS THE DERAS CHRYSOMALLO 02

The argonautic expedition had as the dream that had seen the Pelias, the King of iolkos. Phrixus had appeared in his sleep urging him to bring back his soul and the Golden Fleece from Colchis in Iolkos. Pelias commissioned the difficult mission of repatriation of the Golden Fleece in his nephew, Jason. He accepted the challenge and commissioned the construction of the ship Argo of, of Slow. Athena has adjusted the ship's figurehead in a piece by the divination figo of Dodona, which warned with human voice for each hazard. The milestones of the Slow journey to Colchis was the Limnos, Samothraki, the "polychrysos and polychalkos" when Homer Troy, which occupied, and Cyzicus. In the Colchis King Aeëtes made Jason dangerous labors, before you give him the Golden Fleece. If someone was stealing, the King will lose his power and his life, According to an Oracle. His goal was to exterminate the Jason. But he managed to complete the trials with the help of his daughter Aiti, of Medea. So Jason escaped from Colchis stealing the Golden Fleece. The return of the Argonauts was adventurous. After diepleysan the river Istro, today's Danube, and they came out on the Illyrian coast, following the Rhone and the Eridanos, eventually culminated in Syrriniki sea through the country of the Celts. The milestones of the rest of the trip was the Isle Aithalia, opposite the Corsica, the garden of the Hesperides and Crete. Homer after Argonautic Campaign several of the sons of the Argonauts along with other Achaeans heroes, the counts to those who participated in the Trojan Expedition. Most areas related to the journey of the Argonauts as they inform us the ancient sources and archaeological research associated with the gold, the copper and iron and its treatment.

The Argonaytikos myth is full of covert references in metallurgy. The main of them is associated with the property of the Golden Fleece. In the region of Colchis was Yasis River, whose bed swept away gold granules. The oldest method for their apolipsi was the use of skin from sheep and goats pyknomallwn, that was placed in the riverbed. This method evolved later in kennel-Manger. Added a wooden gully lined with skins of certain animals. In both cases the heavy gold, in powder or granules, n. current by water was held by the dense fleece. From the intense glow of gold which had sedimented in the skin of the animal arose the mythical description of the Golden Fleece

ellinikoschrysos.gr

THE MYTH OF CHRYSOMALLOY DERATOS

The Golden Fleece was the skin of a large golden Aries,that on’ This phrixus and Helle,children of the King of Orchomenus Athamanta survived re’ their stepmother bad,INO,He wanted to destroy them. the RAM passing over States,seas and rivers,brought them at sunrise. but in a narrow sea,Ellie looked down,was stunned,fell and so drowned. Since the close that took its name and is called the Hellespont.
The RAM stopped in Colchis,where reigned King Aeëtes. phrixus to thank him for hosting that is offered,earned him the skin of castrated,that the King Hung in a tree and instructed in a sleepless dragon to watch.
What was the Golden Fleece and what relationship they had phrixus and Aeëtes with this;It was an original and strange story with much drama and emotional ups and downs,that the heroes are two children tormented by their mitrias of aponia.

Once the King of Boeotia Athamas married the goddess Nephele re’ had two children,the Elli and Frixo. But later abandoned the faithless wife Nephele and married Ino, daughter of Cadmus,a wayward and wicked woman. their stepmother close to children's life became unbearable. deep aversion to the show daily,basanizontas and oppress them with the most cruel and inhumane way.
The stone heart of sygkinoyntan not ever,nor by entreaty,Neither of those innocent children dakria. their presence believed was standing obstacle to her happiness for family’ It decided to pull out from the waist. Waited well the right opportunity,that didn't take long to come.
I once fell hunger (famine) in Boitwtia. that's because INO ordered secretly put into oven and bake all the cereal seeds that intended to sow that year. result was not sprout their crops. sent envoys Athamas in the Oracle of Delphi to ask what I had to do to avert evil. But INO their envoys dwrodwkise,paraggelnotnas to say that the Oracle instructed to sacrifice her children Nefeli.
The Satanic woman managed,eventually,to convince the Athama that,If the sacrifice,the hurt would stop and the gods will xanafernan in the country of the previous land and happiness taxman. and he,fool and eykolopistos,as it was,fell easily into the net of the pamponiris woman,the believed and accepted to sacrificed children. But Zeus,alert,watched the events in the Palace of father astorgoy,that was a aboylo game in the hands of his wife,While,ADA King who was,I had to have the courage and the will to govern wisely the people of.

The father of gods and men could not see blatant injustices against anymporwn beings,as those innocent children. so immediately Sent the real mother of children,Nephele,with the winged RAM that had pulled chrysomalli. the cruel stepmother was ready to choke kids,their mother grabbed,He put on the sacred RAM of Jupiter,they had human dialect,and spared. Thrown psila crossing the Aegean Sea.
As passed by the sea strait which connects the sea of Marmara to the Aegean,the kids love it,enjoying the beautiful landscapes that they saw from the prison suddenly found themselves in the human world,of torture in xegnoisia that always offers the motherly love and affection and by the injustice of people the jurisdiction of God. the RAM was flying there that this ithele'ixere the way. children left in’ This wonderful journey,without thinking anything,with open all their senses,in order to enjoy the pairing of lush wise flutes,of the blue sea and the Sun olochrysoy,that tremopaize as boytoyse from high in the akymanto mirror of the sea.
It is true that all human oria'echoyn and duration have. So and the joy of the gods didn't last much. because Ellie lost her balance at some point,fell overboard and left her last breath. the Sea some enjoyed it with passion,was the dank grave of. For’ This sea Strait,where fell Elli,He was named Hellespont,i.e. sea of Ellis. phrixus felt deep sorrow for the loss of his unlucky sister.

But who could go against goddesses Degrees that regulate and define all human;The girl's lifetime was predefined,as well as the conditions and the manner of his death will be spared from.’ her hands aponis mitrias,but would arrive at the end of her life in the deep waters of the sea, however.,the mortals people,There could easily be apochwristoyn their loved ones and could not get used to mercilessly blows of fate and phrixus.,in the katabatha of the soul,He felt a lot of frustration,endless loneliness. everything for’ This became meaningless. For a time passed from his mind the idea of letting himself fall and that in the deep waters of the sea,following the voyage to the underworld,in order to meet the beloved,but his sister over.
But the RAM that dawned on his thoughts and sensed his intentions,spoke with human dialect. the divine animal gave courage and courage in Frixo and optimism about life. the gods the arrange all told.”The gods the arrange all”, of said. “We all have a mission on Earth· This mission must fulfil“.So, continuing the journey Frixos, arrived in Colchis, in the distant land of Caucasus, where conquer the son of the Sun Aeëtes, brother of Pasiphaë (Queen of Crete) and the witch Circe. In that country the Aiti's rays awaken again and rest, in the unrelenting pursuit of day and night. The Aeëtes greeted him cordially Frixo and hosted. Later gave him his daughter Chalciope for woman. So say, Why had “Bronze face”. However, the RAM was intended re’ the authority sacrifice. For’ This the Frixos the offered to Jupiter Fyxio, He was patron of the escapees and the Golden Fleece (fleece) the father-in-law of handed in, to the watchmen. THE Aeëtes hung on an oak tree in the Temple of Mars and put on guardian of a dragon, huge snake, that always stayed alert and did not allow anyone to pass. He was able to lap a big ship along with its crew.

Deras Chrysomallo:Myth the’ truth;

The Golden Fleece was not purely a figment of imagination of the ancient Greeks, but based on historical data! Can, i.e., to Peleus entrusted to Jason to bring the coveted Golden Fleece, a powerful symbol of power, But why such a public animal skin was considered so important;“The answer is easy, If you explored the way the gold yield of chrysofora rivers the bronze age. Especially the river rioni River in the area of Kolchidos (Georgia today) He was known for the quantities of gold nugget that was carrying.

Initially, the commitment of this precious metal was hides, mainly sheep, which the metalleytes dived into the river, where egklwbizontan and the nuggets of gold. Then baked it hides and tinazontan to collect gold or burned to enjoyed gold pellets.

With the passage of time and the evolution of the technical, the hides were placed at fixed wooden kennels in the riverbed” explained Marcus Baxebanopoylos, PhD student of geology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in a lecture he gave recently at the natural history Museum of Volos, with theme: “Ancient mines: From Pelion of Jason, Lavrio of Pisistratus”.

As stressed in his speech, remarkable in literary works for the argonautic expedition, but the Trojan war is that the financial centers of the era and the geostrategic points placed towards the Black Sea region. “And not unfairly”, explains, “as the events described are placed in time about the passage from the bronze age to the iron age”.

Recently, in the area of agriculture, the oldest studied areas with mining and metallurgy of iron- about 1400 e.g.. This shows that in the wider Black Sea area we have the passage from the metallurgy of copper, in the metallurgy of iron.

“So, not unfairly”, concludes, “Herodotus placed the breed of Steels, that processed iron, in that area”.

Centuries of knowledge on issues of mining and metallurgy lead firmly to the discovery of deliverability and the casting of iron. Probably, the travelers of that era carrying knowledge in Greece for the new metal. The new season will be marked by the most powerful, stronger impact resistance, Iron weapons.

As speculates, Besides, Mr. Baxebanopoylos, the so-called “Dorian invasion” has a relationship with the descent of knowledge on issues of mining and metallurgy.

“Let's not forget that the main driver of the economy and of individual functions of was the possession of metals and Placer areas” clarifies.

Ancient mines in Pelion

Jason, though, not started from an area, without knowledge of mining and metallurgy. The inhabitants of ancient Iolkos know gold and copper, as metals.

Pelion until recently was not known for the presence of useful minerals. “Yet”, reported by the PhD student, “from the region of Zagora through the village Kalamaki Peninsula have found over 30 metallofores areas with a strong mineral presence of iron, lead and copper”.

Indeed, the village Xourichti, discovered ancient underground mine with a total length of corridors over 100 measures, While the surrounding area, intense is the presence of surface holdings.

“We can therefore assume that the exhaustion of local metalloforiwn, There was the main reason for organizing campaigns in overseas areas. The search for new and rich copper and gold metalloforiwn, probably, was the main cause for dispatches, maybe even of individual conflicts” estimates.

Ancient Lavrio

Point station in Lavrio is history for Mr. Baxebanopoylo, the 546 e.g., When pisistratus returned from his exile.

By Pangeo and Thrace, where he had been banished, brings together experienced metalleytes of the mines of Pageos and the longer Skaptis Material and Lavrion shall be aware of particular acne.

Starts the opening Gallery daidalwdwn, associated with the surface in vertical wells. The 483 e.g.. I discovered a very rich metalloforia that will lead to the economic boom of Athens.

From the revenues of this discovery, Themistocles persuades the Athenians to bear when building 200 metal Triremes, they defeated the Persian fleet at the battle of Salamis.

“So, We understand that even the course of history depends on the evolution of mining activity, After this sets the pillars of the economy and in’ Policy extension” Adds, featuring the Lavrio as “the first industrial revolution before Christ”.

However, in General, big mining centers of antiquity considered Thassos, the opposite of Thassos area of Skaptis Material, the mountain Pangeo, Mount Hook, the Northeast Halkidiki, Sifnos and Milos.

In all these areas there are dozens of ancient underground ore mining galleries, which, though, have not thoroughly studied, resulting in a lack of fundamentals and the destruction of many galleries, concludes Mr Baxebanopoylos.

** The photos come from the archives of k.. Baxebanopoyloy and depict the exploration of ancient mining activity.

mythoitoukosmou

ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΕΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΥΣΟΣ

PAGGAIO

According to Herodotus, the Thasioi, that as the 463 e.g.. they had their hands on trade of gold and silver pangeo, win 200 with 300 talanta time, from which 80 from Thassos, 80 by Skapti Material and the rest by Pangeo. Also according to Herodotus, pisistratus, in the 6th century BC., Thanks to the wealth acquired by the mining of Paggaio during his exile, recaptured power in Athens and fastened his power. Similarly, again in Herodotus, the tyrant of Miletus Istiaios acquired much of his riches – had indeed cut and gold coins- from the gold mines of Myrkinoy (near the Struma), which had granted Darius, as sovereign of the area at the time.

Aristotle in his work "On sounds ' thaymasiwn reported that the area was sands ' chrysitis», and chrysoforo soil ("undigested land, the gold ekballoysa»), whence with washers («chrysoplysia») were making gold , with small on costs.

Philip II organized the mines pangeo in wondrous way. Making centre of mining activity the Krinides, they renamed to Philippi, He has enriched the region number of projects, mining and land reclamation, and discovered new mines, reaching, in Diodorus, the annual gold production in 1.000 talanta. Even improved the purity of gold at about two carats, which shows and corresponding improvements in methods and call-in halfway through metals from their minerals. The size of the wealth achieved by Philip from the Macedonian "chryseia" imprinted on "filippeioys", the Golden quintals that brought the head either of Apollo or of Hercules or Jupiter and on the other hand the scene of events. Adopted by the 352 until the 336 e.g.. and circulated to the 2nd century., not just in Macedonia, but in Rome (as Livy and Plautus), in Gaul. With this currency managed to compete with the "dareikoys" that were Golden quintals of cuts that brought initially show Royal Archer, which was later replaced by shows Leo and Taurus and enacted by Darius I. Also prevailed in the monetary war with silver Drachma of Athenian democracy.

The conquest of the Persian Empire from the m. Alexander brought in possession of immense riches in gold and other precious metals. Alexander the great in the Ekbatana 330 e.g.. and the 324 e.g.. found amythito treasure, as Arrian. When Justin the treasure he extended 180.000 talanta while Strabo the 190.000 talanta. These treasures were the mining of Pageos, and the rest of Greece, barely profitable or unprofitably, with the result that their exploitation decline seen. Interest therein peaked anew over Philip v (221 – 179 e.g.), for whom Livy writes that not only made sure to xanaleitoyrgisoyn the old mines, but opened and new to multiple locations. Their continued exploitation and on the last King of Macedon Perseus, to reach then into obscurity.

SKAPTI MATTER

GREEK CHRYSOS GOLD MINES IN THE «MATTER» SKAPTI 01

According to what has been recorded by Herodotus and Thucydides, the most important factor in which had the wealth and development of Thassos during the era of antiquity, It was the island's mines and of the «antiperas» of Thrace. The last was known in antiquity as ' Skapti material "and were renowned for the amounts of gold from the mines of. Skapti Material connected with the historian Thucydides, to which attribute the ' mining ' acquisition of chryseiwn, in which the historian took refuge after his sentencing in Athens for the failed Strategia of the 422 e.g.. during the Peloponnesian War. He did not mention the place where experienced his exile, but subsequent literary sources mention his marriage to woman by Skapti Material and there say that co-authored the story of: "under platanw and diatribwn».

The archaeological survey has not yet been identified with absolute certainty the location of the famous Skaptis Material. Some argue that the mines are located in mountain Paggaio. In accordance with newer systemic investigations, Herodotus reports must connect with the area north and East of the city of Kavala where identified, a large number of occurrences and silvered gold-bearing ore. This view is in agreement with newer archeological investigations in accordance with which the Thassian Peraía limited in term Symbol and in the southern part of the Basin. The mountains of the North and East of the ancient Neapolis show ore deposits. Testimonials of intense mining activity are numerous underground and surface work, the huge piles of hardware and ekkamineysewn exorygmenoy, between the villages of Krinides, Libra- Krionérion, Almond, Palaia Kavala and Chalkero until Perni. on a surface of approximately 100 square. km. identified above 150 ore occurrences which exploited in antiquity, the Roman and Ottoman era and the 20th century. The holding in this area during antiquity it was oriented in extraction of rich gold and silver ore.

The "annuity" from the mines of Skaptis Material were, According to Herodotus, in 80 talanta (1 talent = 26,2 kg approx. equivalent of silver). This would correspond according to our calculations in about 180 pounds of gold today. These quantities are justified by the abundance and size of some of the mines of the region, the length of which reaches 350 measures and the size of body drilled Placer have dimensions up to 60Ch30Ch5 meters. How important mining centre was the site of this us denotes except Herodotus and Thucydides and Strabo who mentions features: "there are a lot of gold mining in Krinides where today is located the town of Philippi, near Paggaio mountain '. Diodorus Siculus also informs us that "following Philip Ii came to the city Krinides which increased in population and renamed in Philippi and gold mines were there some smart Roadsters leaked and created new sparingly so that revenue can have over a thousand talents".

According to Professor Michael Babelidita the minerals of the area the old Kavala is connected with the lower part of the series of marble and partly with the upper part of the minerals series. We distinguish three types of body Placer, which they exploited in antiquity. The first type are sidiromagganioycha minerals in carbonate rocks with gold contents up 26 ppm. The second type of forming sidiromagganioycha ores rich in lead, zinc and silver, also detected within carbonate rocks, with silver contents up 2500 ppm. The third type refers to quartz radiators pyrite and arsenopyrite-rich as well as in pyrite-chalcopyrite bodies epimikysmena, in gneiss and marble-contact in gneiss, with gold contents up 38 ppm.

The dating of the mining activity in proschwmatika deposits is very difficult, often impossible because traces of such deposits are destroyed and lost very easily. All that's left are piles of leaching residues. A great piece to have in addition to nature and human impacts, particularly during the last decades.

Unlike the proschwmatika deposits of traces of ancient mining activity remained until today in very good condition especially in underground workings. Based on geometrical features extraction and gating technique, as well as the archeological findings and the use of radiocarbon C14 and thermofwtaygias methods, distinguish in the mines so far ereynithenta If. Macedonia more operating phases. The greatest interest is that of the classical period.

The ancient lodges have mainly characteristic (Classic) trapezoidal form. Also frequent are the rectangular intersection as observed in the mines of Philippi, of Skaptis Material and Acropolis Thassos. The dimensions of the galleries have usually 80 cm width and height on average 90 cm. Similar incisions m’ These lodges were observed in Wells, the operation of which serve the promotion of the ore and the (atmospheric) working conditions in the mine (ventilation etc). For the construction of tunnels and wells used in classical antiquity mainly two ways to access, who is especially known from Lavrion. The vertical and horizontal. A third method which is used for access and for the exploitation of the ore was putting pyrras when the rock was very hard.

The gold-bearing ore mining method was done in antiquity mainly with the method of repayments. Unlike the modern method of exploitation of the ancients when accessing followed the body metalloforo. With the mining of the ore were often extensive irregular spaces, the so-called payoffs as well a gallery system labyrinthwdes. The tools used by the ancients for the extraction and access was mainly the chisel and hammer. In some cases observed and traces axinas. For soft material and were probably using backhoes.

Ordinary phenomenon was when the metalloforo layer was inclined, the holding shall be done at more than one level. In places from upper to lower levels or at the entrance to smileyotan stairway. To support the roof the ancients leave security pillars or walls made by stringing/wiring. The temple consisted of the rock that housed the ore. For construction of walls ypostylwseis used mostly sterile material through the mine.

As regards the concerns in lighting, This was done with torches but with household oil lamps made of clay or pencil. Digging pits for lights on the wall inside the rock or constructed posts from clay.

One important observation in ancient mining areas, is that out of the gold mines are usually very little and generally small heaps hardware exorygmenoy, Although mining in the mine areas are often major proportions. This is mainly due to the fact that the crushing and separation of hardware and exorygmenoy many times the enrichment of ore were inside the mine. The sterile material used in the construction of ypostylwseis concrete walls but also to meet and to close their premises thoroughly used most. In this way avoiding the difficult task of sterile material transportation and become parallel, We would say today, the restoration of the environment

Call-in method was with the crumbs of gold known leaching method with skafidi. Casting of heavy fraction followed where it was necessary. Often become spot copper in molten addition. For iron ore followed the ancient the same method after crushing and milling of the ore, While there are some signs of polymetallika minerals e.g. litharge that was probably using the method of kypellwsis.

.ellinikoschrysos.gr

Ancient excavation and backfill the artificial new "hot" point of Amphipolis

"X-ray" in geophysics and where lies the interest of researchers

Archaeological research in the funerary complex of hillside Kasta Amphipolis (screenshot of marble pedestal by the revelation on which pull the Caryatids). Traces of human presence may lead the research elsewhere in the Tomb

Beside the fourth space funerary monument was Kasta, like all shows, a key point of interest for archaeologists.

The geophysics and geological mapping of the Hill Kasta in Amphipolis officially confirmed that there is evidence for the existence and other structures beyond the funerary monument that has been excavated. As is pointed out in the official announcement of the Ministry of culture, matching points "in need of excavation investigation».

From a first approximation of the elements that emerged from the Geophysics, It seems, inter alia, that a little farther (in the Northeast) by the end of the excavation of the fourth site is ancient funerary monument excavation and artificial backfill. Although it is not clear to what depth extends the excavation, It is obvious that it is a "hot" point of archaeological interest, However, something that will appreciate the excavators and will reveal the archaeological hoe.

Special importance seems to have been, on the basis of the items that were made public, that means in the "Kasta Hill point of interest" lies in the northeast of the dome funerary monument (schematically a little further East from the end of the excavation in fourth place). There is no indication for manmade structure, as the point is located within artificial trench and not to natural formation of the Hill. And unlike other places in the northern part of the monument's dome, where, Although recorded anomalies with high resistance values, not evaluated because it is within the natural formations.

It is also indicative of how "crashed" the first impression that was formatted for another case North of the dome when experts investigated further the point where matching antistatic structures. The removal of soils revealed that the ypedafia structure that was pictured with electrical scans were sand lens, i.e. natural formation.

It is worth pointing out in the process of geophysical prospecting that the electric current is inserted in the ground and mapped the distribution of resistivity, which shows differences when "meets" anthropogenic structures.

Of the four "points of interest", as recorded by the research team, to the North of the dome of the funerary monument, the "point 4", as portrayed in the image presented by the MINISTRY of CULTURE, clearly lies within the ancient backfill has become artificially in Kasta Hill…

However, It is particularly important that the research team, headed by Professor k. Gregory Tsoka, Director of the laboratory of applied Geophysics AUTH, focused on building model of the era, as they were before the intervention for the erection of the dome. Recent apochwmatwseis and earlier pit, as noted in the notice of the Ministry of culture, space observation was offered "tangible and undeniable proof of the position and characteristics of the geological formations». In other words it has been possible to investigate what part of the mound is a natural Hill and what is artificial backfill.

The investigation confirmed, as highlighted by the scientific team, that the greater part of the Hill is a natural Kasta, While the anthropogenic Earth constitutes a relatively small portion

tovima.gr

Στο Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο μετέφεραν τον σκελετό της Αμφίπολης

For more than a month the skeleton of her mound Kasta Amphipolis remained in Museum of Amphipolis. Here and three – four days is located at AUT

Katerina Lymberopoulou

Here and three – four days, According to information of TheTOC, the skeletal material of the funerary monument of mound Kasta of Amphipolis is located in the laboratories of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki where assigned the study in cooperation with the Democritus University. Through special processing to be done in’ these places will get answers to very important questions: It was a man or woman the dead; How old he was when he was buried; How much stature had; A little patience even. End of January 2015 We'll know.

That was until now the skeleton that archaeologists discovered the tomb of the mound in Kasta 12 November during the excavation under the supervision of KI΄ Ephorate of prehistoric and classical Antiquities, Κατερίνας Περιστέρη; "The Museum of Amphipolis in special bag along with the soils found without touching a human hand", report to the Ministry of Culture TheTOC cycle.
The results in January

Starting with the person, represented by the skeletal remains of the tumulus Kasta, will be explored in a systematic and scientifically ethical manner the anthropological, social and historical context of the population of Amphipolis.

The analysis of this material is part of a broader research program, that includes the holistic approach of a sample of approximately three hundred skeletons, originating from the region of Amphipolis and chronologically cover the period from the 1000 e.g. to 200 e.g..

These are the results of the first radiography of the Hill Kasta

The first results from the geophysics and geological mapping of the Hill Kasta in Amphipolis which started on 11 November and conducted piecemeal, due to adverse weather conditions, the publicity gave the Ministry of culture. The investigation confirmed that the Hill has a joint structure with the bulk of it being natural, While the anthropogenic earth fill is, as noted, relatively small part.

The communication States that "research focused on soil model creation era, before the intervention for the erection of the dome. For this purpose, geological and tectonic observations were made and number of scans. Recent apochwmatwseis and earlier gave space observation pit concrete and undeniable evidence of the position and characteristics of the geological formations.

Analytically, below is the entire press release of the Ministry of culture:

The geophysics and geological mapping of the Hill Kasta in Amphipolis began on 11 November 2014 and were conducted in a piecemeal nature, due to adverse weather conditions.

The research team are the Chief Professor Gregory Tsokas, Director of the laboratory of applied Geophysics AUTH, Professor Panayiotis Tsoyrlos, the if. Professor George Bargemezis, graduate students and other scientific staff of the laboratory. Participate, also: The izimatologos if. Professor George Syridis, the palaioseismologos Professor. Spiros Pavlidis and the geologist Dr. of the Ministry. Evangelos Kambouroglou.

The investigation focused on the model of the era, before the intervention for the erection of the dome. For this purpose, geological and tectonic observations were made and number of scans. Recent apochwmatwseis and earlier gave space observation pit concrete and undeniable evidence of the position and characteristics of the geological formations.

In this phase it was investigated the subsoil in the area around the dome, i.e. the slope of North, like the mounds formed by the preceding excavation, in the East and West of. The diaskopisi of the premises was carried out by applying the method of electrical resonance and at very small scale method of subsurface radar (known as Ground Penetrating Radar GPR –) because of methodological limitations, at specific geological and archaeological circumstances.

The investigation confirmed that the Hill has mixed structure with the bulk of it being natural, While the anthropogenic Earth constitutes a relatively small portion. The dome seems that edrastike and erected within trench, which was reopened in geological formations of preexisting Hill slope, that ends a few metres north of the dome.
The Geophysics gave illustrations of the Interior of the Hill, where matching antistatic structures, which investigated further. In one case North of the dome, the removal of soils revealed that the ypedafia structure that was pictured with electrical scans were sand lens, i.e. natural formation. This case is shown in the attached figure. The horizontal display for altitude than the 93m., warm colours indicate areas with high resistivity and cold colors respectively the areas with low.

Scans who gave this picture were held in soil surface, before the removal of soil and which was higher than the level of 93m. The points, where further investigation should be made, marked as "points of interest". The white line in horizontal than depiction noted and on the ground. (Photo 1) It is obvious that the anomaly of resonance due to the sandy geological formation. It should be noted that the defects with high resistance values, which appear in the northern part of the horizontal incision is not evaluated, because they are within the natural formations.
In this photo it seems that the ancient excavation ends a short distance north of the dome, the northernmost section of which is indicated by the plastic cover which is distinguished.

Some other points, which have been identified in need of excavation investigating. The investigation continues, When the weather conditions permit.

ΟΛΕΣ ΟΙ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΙΕΣ

334 Alexandria in Troia (Turkey)

333 Alexandria at Issus/Alexandrette (Iskanderun, Turkey)

332 Alexandria of Caria/by the Latmos (Alinda, Turkey)

331 Alexandria Mygdoniae

331 Alexandria (Egypt)

330 Alexandria of the Prophthasia/in Dragiana/Phrada (Farah, Afghanistan)

330 Alexandria in Areia (Herat, Afghanistan)

330 Alexandria in Arachosia (Kandahar, Afghanistan)

330 Alexandria in Caucasus (Begram, Afghanistan)

329 Alexandria of the Paropanisades (Ghazni, Afghanistan)

329 Alexandria Eschate or Ultima (Khodjend, Tajikistan)

329 Alexandria on the Oxus (Ai Khanoum, Afghanistan)

329 Alexandria in Margiana (Merv, Turkmenistan)

327 Alexandria Nicaea (on the Hydaspes, India)

327 Alexandria Bucephala (on the Hydaspes, India)

325 Alexandria Sogdia

325 Alexandria Rambacia (Bela, Pakistan)

325 Alexandria Oreitide

325 Alexandria in Opiene (confluence of Indus & Acesines, India)

325 Alexandria on the Indus

324 Alexandria in Susiana/Charax (Spasinou Charax on the Tigris, Iraq)

325 Alexandria in Carminia (Gulashkird, Iran)

? Alexandria of Carmahle? (Kahnu)

makedonia-alexandros.blogspot.be

Ο Μέγας Αλέξανδρος και ο καταχραστής Άρπαλος

Whether it involves abuse of power, whether it is in the institutions, whether it involves the trust of one to the other, whether for economic goods, is a theme that forms from antiquity to our days, as a concept, a big problem at citizens ' relations with the central powers.

One of the major abusers of antiquity was the Harpalus. His case was chosen to highlight the many similarities of the then society with the current. A society that, Although we are 2.314 years of this, and then she had some problems with the current. Problems of corruption, inconsistency, transaction, betrayal, looting of the public wealth, logic mikrokommatikis, especially from those who, due to position, should be non-discriminatory, honest, adekastoi, loyalists, Patriots and, of course, It was not.

One of the great scandals well was the abuse of Epicurus, personal friend of m. Alexander and his thisayrofylaka.

But let's do a chronological history in our history. Alexander the great took over the Macedonian throne, After the murder of the father of Philip by his bodyguard Pausanias, the 336 e.g., at the age of 20 years. Based on the children of friends but also to loyal generals of his father, to strengthen his position and firmly established on the throne eliminating enemies and potential trespassers of the throne of.

From the age of 13 years, where he was apprenticed to the great teachers-educators of his time, Leonidas and Lysimachus, and from the age of 16 years, where he studied close to Aristotle, many classmates had noble Macedonians and Greeks, his peers, their link with whom an anypokriti, strong and lasting friendship, until the end of his life. These were as follows: Ifaistiwn, Leonnatus, Marsyas, Nicanor (from Pella all of them), the harpalus (Elimiwtis), Ptolemaios Lagoy (rather half-brother from Eordaea), Nearhos (Kritikos, but from Amphipolis), Erigyos and Laomedon (Lesbians), Amyntas and Peykestas (Brothers), The Korinthios thessalus etc..

All of these were major political and military positions, Depending on the value and skills that had everyone. THE M. Alexander gave the power only to those who deserve, acting not drip, But realistically and merit. (So did the m. Napoleon was taking a Sergeant and made him Marshal b.c.. the Ihn). Almost all of these were omotrapezoi and some his bodyguards.

All of them – with the exception of Epicurus, that was lame – It was strong and fearless warriors and always are in administration and war leaders.

Let's go now to Harpalus. Because of body problem, as I said before, undertook economic and not military post. Before the battle of Issus (November 333 e.g.) , being appointed thisayrofylakas of the army, seduced by the Tayrisko, gone with the West, taking with him all the money of the army and fled to Megara. THE M. Alexander accepted the repentance of, Arnulf beside him and appointed him General Manager of the treasures of the State based Ekbatana (where he later murdered the Fairytales, After running Filota).

The treasures they were mythwdoys value, because there were gathered those who were found in the four capitals of the Persian State and in other smaller towns, worth approximately 700.000 ταλάντων (430 billion drachmas the 1968 ή 600 and today's euro top billion). Even, had received other 100.000 Gold talents within five years of the absence of m. Alexander at East from taxes.

With the away but more and farther, eastbound, ο Μ. Alexander, the Harpalus was unchecked. Served in all kinds of debauchery and abuses. His fame reached the Greece, where kwmwdiografoi the diesyran for the "achievements" of. Had sex with Asian girls and metakalese from Athens the courtesan Pythioniki. When she died in her honor erected monuments in Athens and Babylon. After her death he called from Athens another courtesan, the notorious Glykera, who settled in the Palace of Tarsus. Had porwthei so much, so when he's offered a gold wreath, required to pay and in Glykera another and genuflect before as Queen.

They were denounced in m. Alexander, who considered it too and not only promptly chased harpalus, but thymoymenos his old friendship with him jailed those who they denounce as sycophants. When he turned the m. Alexander at Susa (Spring 334 e.g.), i.e. after his return from the campaign of the East in India, learned that it had rebooted with treasures (5.000 talanta). The Harpalus, knowing that Alexander was fighting always at the forefront and that his mind was always in glory and conquest, He believed that it was impossible to get alive, After so many fights and battles in the depths of the East.

This of course believed and many others who paid with their lives, When turned on the Eastern campaign. Performed all offenders who reported, namely the abusers, rappers, violators of tombs(e.g.. of Cyrus the great), three generals (Menidas, Sitalces, Heron), three satraps, they had picked up the head and was asydotoi, along with their accomplices soldiers, about 600 people in Babylon.

The Epicurus's case proves that the m. Alexander by one point and then could not have confidence neither in very narrow faces, why the temptation of squandering of money and abuse of power was too great for those who take positions and offices.

The severe punishment imposed by Alexander in various offenders gave everyone understand that matters right and administration was absolute adekastis. He was the only way to becoming the vast Empire of. That is a vast terror prevailed in all offenders.

These learned (the 600 executions) Harpalus and intimidated the. He took with him 5.000 talanta, the Glykera, his daughter from the Pythioniki and fled to the coast of m. Asia. Enlisted 6.000 mercenaries and with 30 ships sailed to the Saronic Gulf, in Munychia. The Athenians did not accepted with prices, as hoped, because they feared the reaction of m. Alexandrou, Although the honorary citizen had made the earlier, because of its contribution to these grain and other donations.

After the negotiations were allowed to come only, so he went to the Church of the municipality and offered to give them part of the treasure and the mercenaries. At the same time, however, arrived in Athens and ultimatum of Accommodating, He was the successor of Epicurus in the position of Manager of money, asking them to adopt. Began endless discussions on the Pnyx to the topic, where the antimakedonizontes dominated with Ypereidi, He held the position of Epicurus and Makedonizontes, who proposed the labeled version.

The Demosthenes and Phocion supported the middle ground. So, It was decided to imprisoned in the Citadel the Harpalus, until Alexander decides the fate of. Demosthenes was appointed Commissioner, to receive money, in which the Harpalus said that he had with him 700 talanta ( the richest Greek shipowner or banker did not then Fortune over 300 talanta). Though, the next, When measured the talents, instead of 700 found only 350 (Here again the kickbacks for acquisition of Athens). Allilokatigoroyntan many in the Pnyx to bribery and the Areopagus proposed to declare the culprits that got, thing I was.

THE M. Alexander launched his fleet readiness, ready to attack in Athens after the Harpalus escaped and disappeared. All were convinced that Harpalus had redeem everyone, to escape, between them and Demosthenes, but nobody came to the municipality to apologise and to escape the categories.

So, the theme parapemthike in judicial back burner. The Harpalus found refuge at Tenaro, where received the remaining treasures and mercenaries and sailed to Crete. There was murdered by a Spartan Thibrwna, the same mammalian he, who fled to Africa, they started looting. Though the 322 p. X. arrested him Ptolemy a ' and crucified her in Alexandria.

Then a servant of Epicurus, that kept the Bills of, from Crete, went to Rhodes, delivered in a welcoming and revealed about the swag.

As far as the involvement of Demosthenes. Visited – in Plutarch – harpalus in jail, saw that he had a golden Royal Goblet, He liked, He got in his hands, the periergastike and asked harpalus how can aligns. The Harpalus smiling told him that will cost him 20 Gold talents. The same night of the sent home, along with the 20 talanta (about 600 kg Gold).

Six months later began trials on "money Arpaleiwn", There have been dire for Athens. The Athenians allilokatigoroyntan epifanesteroi for the stolen, While Demosthenes was obliged to pay the amount idiwpoiithike in five times and because they had to pay jailed. (Let's listen to the members and our judges, to make their conclusions).

But with the help of friends of Demosthenes escaped and went to Troezen and later on Aegina, whence come begging the Athenians to allow him to return. Nevertheless remained byssodomei against m. Alexander and the Macedonians.

After the death of Alexander (13-6-323 e.g.) the Athenians voted the comeback, but he continued to his regular anti-Macedonian. Followed the Lamian war, where the Athenians and their allies were crushed by Kratero Antipatro and, they had come from Mongolia. Asia and their fleet was destroyed in Abydo and AMORGOS.

Athens was punished hard. Paid war damages, was installing Macedonian guard on the Acropolis, while convicted in death of Demosthenes and Hypereides and other demagogues antimakedonizontes.

All executed except of Demosthenes, who escaped and took refuge in the Temple of Poseidon to Kalavria (NB. Resource), where committed suicide with poison (October 322 e.g.), not arrested.

But Macedonian friend Demades sentenced, Why confessed that he took and he 20 talanta, but had the audacity to confess that in future will chrimatizetai again. The 100 talents with which punished, paid by others, why he didn't had. Though continued to transgress and, because he could not repay the sentences imposed, knavish declared (i.e.. deprived political rights).

This was the picture of Athenian democracy of that era, similar image with the current Greek reality. A fact very even than,What biwnome.

Today we live the more difficult period of our history, where we are focused on economic issues, plaguing us all, forgetting or ignoring the expansionist policy of neoothwmaniki the Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoglu.

Now that the Turkish navy contesting our yfalokripida, that has made the Aegean with the sieve etsithelikes, provocative his pathways – tacks, even next to Sounio, even in the Ionian Sea, where already started research on undersea oil along with Albania, which already got a bridgehead with the unit installation 1000 men, so we encircle, We sleep the sleep of the law. Lalistatos otherwise the Minister of national defence,. Venizelos has been drinking the water amilito. Nor does it seem, Neither sounds anywhere. This means that the supposedly firm and proud of our foreign policy are probably blowing smoke. It's only for internal consumption.

The term is wrong that "history repeats itself". The right is that "History reconstructed», because the events of yesterday is never identical with the events of today and tomorrow's.

Let's study our politicians the history of Athens, the era of Philip II(his father m. Alexandrou) and his policy towards this, to see what denied day after day, month by month, year by year, does open their eyes, at last, and see that the situation is perfectly in line with the current Greek-Turkish relations and take measures before it is too late. (It should be noted that: where is Athens Greece today and where Philip is the Turkey.) Let us therefore not pathome prosexome from Turkey today, What,What happened to Athens then of Philip.

The current hostility of Israel with Turkey, Let's not left untapped by the Greek Government, Despite our orientation filoarabiko, Despite Palestinian national laws, you have a right to want their own independent homeland. We need to be more flexible and realistic in our foreign policy, otherwise it will not survive as a nation.

patris.gr

The oldest cities in the world

The British newspaper “Telegraph” presents the 20 oldest cities inhabited continuously since their inception until today.

Although there are conflicting opinions as to which is the oldest city, but surely the 20 cities that are presented in the following list have a rich history, After were firstly inhabited by 9.000 e.g.. until the 1.000 e.g.. As noted in article, "these cities are the closest experience to’ a journey in time ".

In the list of famous British newspaper the Greece occupies two positions: at number 18 is the Thiva and Athens to number 16.

Below is the list of 20 most ancient cities inhabited until today:

20. Varanasi, India 1.000 e.g..

Considered a Holy City for Hindus and Buddhists. Forms for thousands of years the cultural and religious center of Northern India. Many famous Indian philosophers, Poets, writers and musicians lived there, until our days. In Varanasi he preached for the first time the philosophy of the Siddhartha Gautama.

19. Cadiz, Spain 1.100 e.g..

It is a small piece of land that is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The seat of the Spanish Navy from the 18th century. This is the ancient city of Gadeira near the Strait of Gibraltar (Pillars of Hercules), in antiquity it was known as Gadeiridai Pylai. During the 7th century BC.. the city was a rich amber and Tin Shopping Centre.

18. Thiva, Greece 1.400 e.g..

There was a great rival of ancient Athens. Built on the myth of Cadmus and has great historical and mythological importance. From the most important Thebans was Epaminondas, great General of antiquity who did the Thiva Greece's igemoneyoysa, and Pelopidas, initiator and head of the famous Ierou Lochou. The plural of the name "Thibai" due to the famous 14 Gates of the city, closely linked with the myth of Niobe.

17. Larnaca, Cyprus 1.400 e.g..

It is known for its beautiful beach with Palm trees. It is the successor of the ancient city of Kition, one of the major kingdoms of ancient Cyprus, birthplace inter alia of the ancient philosopher Zeno. Citium, founded by Greek colonists in the 14th BC. century, There was later an important colony of Palm. Is, inter alia, known by his campaign Kimonos of Athenian, who died there while the many.

16. Athens, Greece 1.400 e.g..

The birthplace of democracy and the cradle of Western civilization – the legacy of Athens is obvious. Ancient Athens was a powerful City-State, developed in parallel with the port of, which was originally the Faliron and Piraeus later. The Athenians, Apart from Attica, dominated by their powerful fleet in’ a large number of the Ionian colonies in the Aegean Islands and on the coast of Asia minor.

15. Balkh, Afghanistan 1.500 e.g..

To the ancient Greeks it was known as Mpaktra. For the Arabs is the "mother of cities". The Balkh (ancient Balkh or Baktra) is the Bactrian capital in today's Afghanistan. Located at the mouth of the river wxoy. According to the Ktisia, the Balkh was the Acropolis of Baktrwn. In Balkh reportedly stayed Alexander the great (328-327 e.g.) During his campaign in Bactria.

14. Kirkoyk, Iraq 2.200 e.g..

Located 150 miles north of Baghdad. Its strategic importance was recognized by the Babylonians. The city is mentioned for the first time during the third Dynasty of ur. It was particularly significant in the 11th and 10th century BC, When it was under the power of the Assyrians.

13. Erbil, Iraq 2.300 e.g..

Located north of Kirkoyk. Was one of the key stops on the "Silk Road". The Hurrians from Asia minor was first settled in Oyrmpiloym and extended their dominance in North Mesopotamia. The city was under the rule of the Assyrians from the 25th Century BC.. until the 7th century BC., but at the end of the 7th century b.c.. it lost its independence and passed in order from the hands of the Babylonians, of Midwn, the Persians and the Greeks. The battle of Gaugamela, where Alexander the great defeated Darius again, was near the present-day Arbil (Arbila).

12. Tyros, Lebanon 2.750 e.g..

The legendary place where was born the Europe and Dido. The city formed the 2.750 e.g., According to Herodotus, and was invaded by Alexander the great in 332 e.g.. During the campaign of the Greek Commander Tyr, by refusing allegiance, resisted. During the seven-month siege of applied all the then known in attack and defense. Eventually, After silting up and the upcoming rift of the walls the city was captured despite the heroism of its inhabitants.

11. Jerusalem 2.800 e.g..

Ancient city. Judo, Christian and Islamic Center of great religious and historical significance. The city has a total of ourselves 23 times, has attacked 52 times, has become dominated 44 times and has fundamentally destroyed twice. The Jerusalem's old city is a UNESCO World Heritage, surrounded by a fortified wall and divided into four districts: the Armenian, Christian, the Muslim and Jewish.

10. Beirut, Lebanon 3.000 e.g..

Excavations in the city have brought to light Phoenician, Hellenistic, Roman, Ottoman and Arab objects. The capital of present-day Lebanon.

9. Gaziantep, Turkey 3.650 e.g..

Near the border with Syria.

8. Plovdiv or Plovdiv, Bulgaria 4.000 e.g..

The second largest city of Bulgaria. According to Ammiano Marcellin, the T.f. Green Airport, After the era of brass, recorded as a fortified Thracian settlement with the name "Eymolpias". In the 4th century b.c.. the city was the Center where fairs took place. The 342 e.g.. It was occupied by Philip II of Macedonia, father of Alexander the great, He renamed it to Filippopolis. The city had advanced water supply and sewerage networks. The double walls had defended, many of which still retained and are visible to visitors. Only a small part of the ancient city has been excavated.

7. Sidon, Lebanon 4.000 e.g..

One of the most important and perhaps the oldest city of Palms. It is said that Jesus and St. Paul stayed there, like Alexander the great once won the 333 e.g.. Its name is derived, According to Josephus, from the greatest son of Canaan. Others argue that many fish that exist in the area of gave this name. The Sidon mentioned by Homer. Until the 1.250 e.g.. the city had great power. Then about the Philistines appear, who won a large part of the territories of.

6. Fayoum, Egypt 4.000 e.g..

Is 130 kilometers southwest of the capital of Cairo and is part of the ancient Krokodeilopolis. It was one of the top religious centers of ancient Egypt, they worshipped the God Sobek. In Fayoum city discovered the famous funeral portraits of Roman times, destined for burial use, that were created either with the use of technical or egkaystikis with the technique of tempera.

5. Susa, Iran 4.200 e.g..

The city is one of the oldest known settlements, as it was founded probably around 4.000 e.g.. The first traces of human presence dating back around 7.000 e.g.. Susa was the capital of the Kingdom of Elam. The city appears in very early sources soymeriakes and described as one of the regions which protected the goddess Inanna of Uruk. The tragedy of Aeschylus ' the Persians takes place in Susa.

4. Damascus, Syria 4.300 e.g..

Many believe that it is the oldest city in the world and that is inhabited by the 10.000 e.g.. The first references to the existence of Damascus undetected in the 16th century BC., When it was still under the rule of the Pharaoh of Egypt. Later, in the 10th century BC., It became the Centre of the Kingdom of Damascus. The Seleucid period, the town was renamed into Demetrias.

3. Aleppo, Syria 4.300 e.g..

The coexistence of the ancient with the modern city is harmonious, However major disasters have caused during the civil war that is in progress by March 2011.

Aleppo is one of the oldest cities in the world, with human plants from the 7th Millennium BC.. The 3rd millennium BC.. was part of the neighbouring Kingdom of emplas and called Armi, While around 3.000 e.g.. He took the name Chalpe (Greek Chalibwn, because it was the largest steel-producing Center in the region). In the 18th century BC. settled in choyrritikis populations of origin city, who created the powerful Kingdom of Giamchant with the Soymoy epoy founder (1.810-1.780 e.g.).

2. Byblos, Lebanon 5.000 e.g..

Her name, Byblos, He took from the Greeks who introduced scrolls from the particular city. It is believed that it was inhabited between 8.800 and 7.000. According to quotes-attributable to the Phoenix historic Sagchoyniathwna- built by Saturn and was the first city in Phoenicia. In the foinikikoys era was a major shipping and commercial center, mainly due to the export of papyrus. Today is considered the oldest continuously occupied city in the world. A UNESCO World Heritage site.

1. Jericho 9.000 e.g..

The oldest city in the world that continues to be inhabited. Archaeological investigations have discovered the remains of over 20 successive installations in Jericho, the first of which is 11.000 years, almost at the beginning of the Holocene. It is also the oldest known fortified city. In the Old Testament is described as a "city of the Palm trees». The abundant resources of both inside and around this, made it a magnet for local populations. In the Judeo-Christian tradition is known as the place of the return of the Israelites after the exodus from Egypt, led by Joshua Jesus, successor of Moses.

With information from ellines.com

ZORLU.GR

Ο Φίλιππος, όπως ήταν!

Philip after editing with Photoshop

from M.A. LUDWIG

Archaeology: Amphipolis in the t op 10 archaeological discoveries

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The greatest archaeological discoveries of 2014 Archaeology Magazine ranks the funerary monument of Amphipolis. See entire list (pics)

news247

December 20 2014 20:50

The journal of the Institute of American Archaeology Archaeology included burial discovered in Tomb mnimeio Kasta of Amphipolis in the most important archaeological discoveries this year.

“The Tomb dates from the era of Alexander the great is a great example of how archaeology can capture the public imagination”, It is noted in the publication, accompanied by a photo of Sphinxes.

The revelation of the monument “easily won a place on our list”, highlights the relevant publication. “The Tomb dates from the era of Alexander the great is a great example of how archaeology can capture the public imagination”, Adds.

In the list of the top archaeological discoveries listed yet:

The underground Neolithic construction at Stonehenge of Britain, aged 5.000 years.

The treasure Seaton Down, England, i.e. 22.000 Roman coins found with metal detector.

The oldest Buddhist temple in the world found in Nepal and is dated to the 6th century. e.g..

Decoding the DNA of Neanderthals by Israeli scientists.

The submerged in the icy waters of Antarctica ship “Erevos”, whose captain was John Franklin.

The Byzantine Basilica of the fifth century was discovered submerged in Lake of Turkey.

The analyses on mummies from the Bolton Museum in Britain that showed that practical taxidermy began long before the Pharaoh, the 4300 e.g..

The Mploytoyth fortress in Denmark, which may have been built by the Viking Warrior, Harald Gkormson, first King of Denmark, the 10th century.

One of the first Iconic natives who lived before 12.000-13.000 years and revealed researchers in the Yucatan. The skeleton belongs to girl 15-16 years named Naias.

http://news247.gr

Category: Selective