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Syria, the "Little Macedonia»: Amphipolis, Dion, Pella

Report with 300 and more photos from Syria, a "definitively lost" world, inaugurated on 6 February, in Thessaloniki of NBG cultural centre.

The ' greeting ' in ' Syria ' filtati had started much earlier. From the start-almost- the civil war (the 2011) in the Middle East sparassomeno, in one of the oldest countries in the world, with history 7.000 times.

The Syria was "another Greece» of Seleykou, the "Little Macedonia" in the descriptions of Strabo. Had 50 Greek cities, that brought city names of Macedonia (Dion, Pella, Edessa, Veroia, Amphipolis, Seleucia, Antioch, etc.) and prospered in the Hellenistic, Graeco-Roman and Byzantine era.

Just last December, the The United Nations Institute for training and research (UNITAR) announcing that about 290 Heritage sites or monuments in Syria have been damaged by the ongoing civil war, as can be seen from satellite photographs.

«… For the fishermen of purple and merchants of phoenice.

… For the Bedouin, the Druze and the Kurds who live in the ancient ereipiwnes.

.. For the dozens of uninhabited Byzantine villages.

… The afternoons in Simeon the Styliti, when blush stones, the dyseis in the desert, the nights on the Euphrates, the Golden Dawn in Palmyra.

… For the metropolises of five Christian denominations in Aleppo and the heavenly gardens with jasmine and lemon trees behind the fence of the House gerikwn.

… For the Romanos the Melodist and Ephraim the Syrian.

… For the Hannah Mansour, that we said John Damascene…».

Are excerpts from the "dedication" of curator Marianna Koromila in "big" and "filtati" only in Syria-introduction multi-faceted photographic exhibition, titled "Hail, Oh filtati Syria – Photos of theophilos Precursor from a permanently lost world», developed by the 6 February, in Cultural Center of Thessaloniki of the cultural foundation of the National Bank.

Lighthouse prwtergatis of Greek culture and Christianity, Damascus «spoke» Greek on 10 centuries: From the 300 e.g.. until the 705 a.d., so the Caliph Al-Walid abolished the Greek as the official language of the State ", that was until then.

300 photos from 3.000 shots

… "To relive and share our biomes. To not lose Syria from our eyes. To stay this great cultural cradle in our memories and our own memory to become domain…»

The 300 and now photos (of doctor – amateur photographer Theophilos Baptist– furious traveler, older, and "lover" of images of threatened with complete destruction the country) selected through more than 3.000 shots and compose longer-combined with the texts of Marianna Koromila- brilliant travelogue in long-suffering Syria.

"While keeping a close eye the tragedy unfolding in the Middle East, the plight of millions of people, the destruction and pillage of important monuments, the report is purely cultural, without references to recent events» Showjumping organiser and continue…

The mechanisms of memory

"With the lens of theophilos Baptist history texts and Marianna Koromila unfolds a genteel world, deeply civilised and very intimate in the historical memory of Hellenism.

Among the extremely important information that will give the lecture of Professor Iota Asimakopoulou – Atzakas is illegal export of Syrian mosaics, through the black market, by Tzichanistes.

The objective is to mobilize the mechanisms of memory, thinking back not just the thousand years of the Hellenistic, Greco-Roman and Byzantine history in the place (333 e.g.. until 636 a.d.), but it also ties and influences between Greek and Syrian culture from the bronze age until today».

Damascus spoke Greek for 10 centuries

The Syria was "another Greece» of Seleykou, the "Little Macedonia"in the descriptions of Strabo. Had 50 Greek cities, that brought city names of Macedonia (Dion, Pella, Edessa, Veroia, Amphipolis, Seleucia, Antioch, etc.) and prospered in the Hellenistic, Graeco-Roman and Byzantine era.

Lighthouse prwtergatis of Greek culture and Christianity, Damascus «spoke» Greek on 10 centuries: From the 300 e.g.. until the 705 a.d., so the Caliph Al-Walid abolished the Greek as the official language of the State ", that was until then.

There-and then in Baghdad- became the first Greek book translations in Arabic, that rescued many of the works of the ancient Greeks.

The exhibition is co-organized by the Archive of Panorama cultural society (APAN) and the Cultural Foundation of the National Bank.

"It is quite the poems of Cavafy, inspired by Syria, that "exposed" and those (in sound playback, but also in texts hanging on banners) in the space of the exhibition. On the occasion of de, the exhibition hosts in its premises, the NBG issued two little tomidia: "The Syriac poems of c. p.. Cavafy "and to" tropic of cancer "by Marianna Koromila.

Lectures with importance

The exhibition is accompanied by a series of lectures on the topic, school visits and seminars for educators.

The first lecture was set for Thursday 12 February, at 19.15, in NBG's bookstore (Tsimiski 11) with theme: «Historical geography of the Middle East"and speaker historian Marianna Koromila.

At 25 February, the Professor of Classical Archaeology at the ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY of THESSALONIKI, Iota Asimakopoulou – Atzakas will give a lecture at the Museum of Byzantine culture in Thessaloniki for "The mosaics of Syria». Among the extremely important information that will give the illegal export of Syrian mosaics, through the black market, from the Tzichanistes.

Numerous mosaics now showcases great graces and regional museums in the USA and in Europe, While parts of rare mosaics, as archaiokapilias products, kept in several private collections around the world.

Only within a month were stolen and sold 18 unique style mosaic with scenes from the Odyssey from Northeastern Syria

The exhibition will be open to the public until 19 April.

With RES and "ethnos" newspaper information

thetoc.gr

Η Αρσάμεια παρά τον Νυμφαίο

Nymphaios Arsameia

Η αρχαία πόλη Αρσάμεια παρά τον Νυμφαίο (για να ξεχωρίζει από την Αρσάμεια παρά τον Ευφράτη) ήταν πόλη του βασιλείου της Κομμαγηνής, which was built near the Nymphaion River (Today Kahta çayı), a tributary of the river Euphrates.

Founded during the late Hellenistic period from the Armenian Arsami, παππού του Πέρση βασιλέαΔαρείου. Eski Kahta district is located in Turkey, 50 kilometers east of the city of Adiyaman.
The area was inhabited until medieval times…
The Kingdom of Commagene was an independent State from the 164 e.g.. until the 72 a.d. so enslaved to Romans.
Later it passed to the Byzantine Aytokatoria and το638 a.d. It was conquered by the Arabs.

The most striking findings in the ierothesion of Arsameia Mithridates I Kallinikos (109 e.g.. – 69 e.g.), which was made by his son Antiochus I, which self-proclaimed “God”.

Processional route, which ran from the river Nymphaion lead in hillside, where there are three reliefs with representations of functions (handshake).

The tombstones of the classical era in Greece, the handshake symbolized the farewell to the dead. The show gave a general departure and loss message. In the case of Mithras, enter another element: The Mithras is the patron of the agreements and of Justice, so very often portrayed as God “giving hand”. Does the reliefs depict some of God's reconciliation with the dead;

In the first in the series of relief, only the form of Mithras – Apollo – Sun. The second form must have been either the Mithridates (a)’ Kallinikos, either his son Antiochus I Theos.

The form of the statue towered over the Valley of the Euphrates…

The second glyph, of which only parts survive, represents the Mithras and Mithridates’ or Antiochus I.

The bas-relief is located in front of the so-called “Stone room”, which is sculpted in the rocks of the Hill…


…and has this amazing view to the Valley.

End, the third bas-relief (copy – the prototype is in British Moyseiosto London) Mithridates I Callinicus depicts Hercules – Artagni and is positioned near the Greek inscription, which is carved above the entrance to the cave, whose use is undefined.

“KING ANTIOCHOS MEGAS THEOS DIKAIOS FILORWMAIOS AND FILELLIN EPIFANIS…”. The inscription, which is the longest inscription in Anatolia, mentioned the name of Arsameias, which led to the identification of the city… The inscription was in Greek, as Antiochus I Theos was a descendant of the great Alexandroyapo on his mother's side, Laodikeias… From the beginning of his reign, Antiochus realized that they could not oppose the power of the Roman Empire. On the other hand the Romans had realized that the Kingdom of Commagene was very important for the protection of passageways of the Euphrates River, as very close extended the Parthiki Empire… So, Although the 61 e.g.. Antiochus became a vassal of the Romans, very quickly, the 59 e.g., given to him by the Senate periporfyros robe tinRwmaϊki (toga praetexta) and the title of his ally King.

The stairs of the cave, whose entrance is beneath the inscription, descend to depth 158 measures… Can the cave to express the birth of Mithras, who was born in 25 December than a Virgin in a cave… (The adoption by Byzantium in subsequent years of 25 December for the birth of Jesus was to be easy the proselytism of the followers of Mithraϊsmoy, which was, those years, the dominant religion in the Roman Empire).


The archaeological site of Arsameias is located within the protected national park of Nemroyt, in which there are rudimentary tourist facilities… The city came to light by the German professor at the University of Münster, Karl Dörner, the 1951.


The view to the surrounding areas are unique and apparently was the key factor in selecting the position…

On top of the hill there was a mausoleum Mausoleum of Halicarnassus equivalent, of which survive today only some ruins and mosaic floors from two ceremonial spaces. According to the manuscript of the 12th century, the stones of the mausoleum were used by Michael the Syrian, Patriarch of the Syrian Orthodox Church of the 1166 until the 1199, for the extension of the monastery of Barsauma.

http://erevnw.blogspot.gr

Pangeo financed the campaign of m. Alexandrou

The goldmines of m. Alexander ~ What happened to the amythitoi treasures of the Persians;

Alexander the great arrived at the edge of the then known world.
The history of conquests and discoveries are pretty much known.
Few-about the project- men and a lot of determination.

-But how was the campaign of Alexander the great;
-Had hidden resources;
-Maybe unknown goldmines;

The information is conflicting.
Most sources indeed, talk about huge debts he left Philip. Other where he got very little money with him in Asia. And others for more money and sources of revenue from gold mines in northern Greece initially and then in Asia.
Did when Alexander, When he became King, He reiterated the well-known "Chorus" of Greek policies: "We received burned land from the previous Government"; Though Philip is not left at all "burnt Earth". Left an organized State, with conquests that yielded revenue, and particularly gold mines and argyrwrycheia who constantly gave metal for coins.

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Ο Φίλιππος, knowing the need for money, in order to implement the campaign who dreamed in Asia, She had taken care of very early to find and understand places that promise revenues. Perhaps the most decisive Act was the 357 e.g.. (even before born Alexander) When captured Amphipolis using conqueror Rams. Along with Amphipolis won and the goldmines of Pageos – What,What better had to offer the land of Macedonia and Thrace from a financial point of view.
Those mines formed the backbone of financing any activity of Philip. Had for the Kingdom of Macedonia, the same position they had argyrwrycheia of Lavrion on democracy of Athens a century before: Provide stable income.
Fixed, but not enough for the designs of Philip. Until the death of Philip organized, planned, ekstrateye and conquer. And every conquest cost. It wasn't just the usual military spending, as Philip was modernist in martial art
He learned to use war machines, which at the time were the recent inventions of Syrakoysiwn: Crossbows, petrobola, catapults and elepoleis (battle towers).
All these cost, and Philip made without considering the costs, as many and conquer a city after another, so okay everyone in grandiose plans.

Philip still secured in Thrace goldmines – near the city Krinides, captured and renamed to "Philippi". It is said that only the goldmines in Philippi of attributed 1.000 Gold talents a year (26 tons). Thanks’ These began to Mint gold coins were the most prevalent currency in the Greek world.

Alexander continued to use gold and silver coins of Philip, but then highlighted in silver coins which followed the Athenian pattern as to their weight (with Hercules on one side and Jupiter on the other). The preference in silver shows maybe some possible shortage in gold.
So, When came the time of Alexander the great ", He "inherited from his father, along with the Crown, and not a few debts, "according to the Koyrtio and Arriano. Arrian says that Alexander found in the vaults a few gold and silver objects. From money, Neither 60 talanta.
From the other, Philip's debts reached in’ other Member 500 and in’ other Member 800 talanta.
The talent as a unit of weight was 26 grams, but as currency amounted to 6.000 Greek drachmas, so the 60 talanta was 360.000 drachmas of that era. With the buying power that then had the Drachma (a penny then tantamount payday and a low purchasing power equivalent to 10-20 Euro) a man bought the necessary for a poor day. I.e. 60 talanta was salaries 1.000 poorly paid people for one year (somewhere 5-10 millions of current euro). But Alexander had with him when he started for Asia at least 35.000 men. This implies economic need for more than 2.000 talanta.
Had Alexander does «hidden» resources; Unknown financial sources or funders
It started with what,what had.
When started for Asia, got the 60 the talents and food for 30 only days (as reported by Plutarch, based on a source that calls Chieftain). The relevant sources give slightly different numbers, but all agree: money was not plentiful. The Onisikritos talks about debts 200 talanta (NB:military loan while Sarantos Kargako), While Aristobulus writes that the cost of preparation was 70 talanta. All of them are located far from the (to a minimum) necessary 2.000 talanta.
Of Course, in Asia things changed. Go conquering the richest country in the world and ensure the necessary from the spoils of the enemy .
The conquered satrapeies ' offered ' and they all,what they could from their own revenue (Alexander made sure not to change the administrative structure of the conquered land in order to continue to function smoothly in ' State '). Also, It seems from the narratives left by people who had accompanied the experts together prospectors (researchers Placer or geologists, We would say today) Why send to "follow" any rumor about gold meet.
Search the resources employed until his death, even when he was no longer at the disposal of all the gold of the great kings of Persia – an incredible treasure.
He died while the ships were ready to launch ekstrateyontas in Arabia, called that was rich in gold.

Can the start for Alexander it was difficult from an economic point of view, but the end was without such problems and, extra, brought a new epoch in economics. When Alexander swept away the Persian rule of Darius, the 329 e.g., and entered in the palaces of the Persians, found in front of the greatest treasures of history.
The treasure of Darius was essentially all the treasures of all the States of the Mesopotamian stacked since the dawn of history.
The gold 3.000 times! From the years of Sumerian, and as a people conquer another and States and empires of the region succeed one another, the gold and the treasures of each change every time. Darius had treasures and spoils which originated in Greece, taken at the time of the Persian wars and especially of Xerxes and fermenoys of the Kings before him. Had, yet, treasures from the various peoples that he and his predecessors had conquered.
These, though, was nothing in front of the treasures that had found the Validity, the first King of the Persians, by Medes, and the treasures they had grabbed the Medes from the Babylonians when face Babylon. And of course the Babylonians were treasures and spoils from the peoples they conquered, Assyrians and others.
The treasure of Darius showed that money does not bring victory. Neither the buy, If the opponent is Alexander. This was one of the courses that I took the Persian King.
When Alexander decided to ship the treasure of Darius, It took 20.000 mules and 5.000 camels. More wealth than he had ever seen of the Hellenic world, called that tantamount to 12 millions of pounds of silver. Only the scene with the throne gave Darius to Alexander treasure worth 3.000 talantwn (more than half a billion euros). Darius course perhaps was looking for revenge: Using a, unknown probably, form of psychological warfare, the loaded along with the gold and the women of. With the treasure Alexander found the mother of Darius, his wife and his harem!
The treasures they, that was more than the gold they had ever seen the Greeks, finally determined and Greek history, because these were "financed" the endless wars between «Epigonwn» – the successors of Alexander the great.
Are still "station" and the history of Economics: The existence and release of first created "inflationary trends». The history of inflation begins when Alexander started to pull out the gold of Darius from warehouses and distributes to the Greeks!
The consequence was that the Greeks were (athelitoi) inventors and inflation. With so much money and wealth to have come out of the vaults and be placed on the market, in conjunction with the military requirements that create campaigns, attracting new soldiers and endless wars between the successors of Alexander the great caused increases in everything. Salaries quadrupled, the same and the prices and cost of living.
Mining and argyrwrycheia of Philip and Alexander gave impetus and in the cutting of coins. Alexander's coins continued to be "cut" for years after the death of. They may be able to give an indication of the geographical location of the sources of precious metals.
Just as he lived there Alexander 25 different cuts of coins: two in Macedonia, one in Egypt and twenty-three in Asia. It becomes obvious from the minting of coins that the Centre of gravity and the sources of precious metals had moved East.
However, in quantity it seems that higher production came to Macedonia. There was the older gold coins, While other smaller and silver. This shows that the major source of gold was still in Macedonia.
After the death of Alexander mints made 31, and still 100 years later "tetradrachms of Alexander pods» 51 parts, which shows that & sources of the metals was too rich and continued to feed coins Greek world who had indulged in an unprecedented allilofagwma ignoring the "clouds from the West", the rising power of Rome.
The bulk of the treasure of Darius went to Pella.
Alexander sent enormous quantities from the Persian treasure back in Macedonia. We know that even 150 some years later he had left large quantity in Pella, enough to impress the new conquerors, the Romans.
Plutarch in his Parallel Lives (Timoleon-Aemilius Paul) Describes the treasure brought to Rome, the Aemilius Paul after his victory against Perseus. The spoils were passing in procession for three days:
"The first day passed 250 carriages loaded with statues, images and statues. The next day passed and again coaches with Macedonian for weapons and followed 3.000 men who would carry a silver four per pot full of silver coins, while others carried various precious objects and decorative. On the third day they say 77 Gold containers within which there were gold coins – as he had done with the silver!»
More from 150 years xodematos in equipments, wars, wastage and "excesses" that characterised the Hellenistic era of successors of Alexander the great and the treasure was still so large, to dazzle the Romans.
How would say at the beginning, When Alexander saw him;
For some unlikely reason nor Perseus, in front of the biggest danger the life and reign of, nor before that Kings of Macedonia "cashed" their "treasures" of Darius to strengthen their defense or to finance their war plans. The Romans found both gold, that if Perseus had used, You may not alter Macedonia. However, people always behave strangely with their treasures.
May go hungry, but the gold they inherited often refuse to part with.
Learned and the lesson he had learned Darius before them: that is not always the richest defeats. It is ironic, but the Greece seems to be drowned in the gold of. When he had more wealth "beyond imagination", then it was lost.
The goldmines of Alexander there were. It wasn't myth, nor were unknown. Found to finance the most foolhardy expedition of centuries and helped to create the largest State in the world so far. That the State that ultimately do not "kept" is another story, Maybe not completely unrelated to the wealth that had. From this point of view, It would not be an exaggeration to say that the gold mines of Alexander played the role of "life and death" in the history of mankind in General and in Greece in particular.

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The new Minister and Amphipolis in the foreground

Oσα ειπώθηκαν, What yponoithikan in the changing of the guard of the Ministry of culture: New vocabulary, spikes

Oσα ειπώθηκαν, What yponoithikan in the changing of the guard of the Ministry of culture: New vocabulary, spikes
"Fwtografizomaste so we exist". With this quip Costas Tasoylas opened his last speech at the Culture Ministry handing-along with Antzela Gerekou and Lina Mendoni- the Aristides Balta and Nikos Xydakis. To follow emotion, warnings, references to Antonis Samaras and Evangelos Venizelos, spikes for Amphipolis, applause and a "sinned".

OSA said the Aristides Cleaver – Minister of culture Sport Education and religious affairs-, Nikos Xydakis-Deputy Minister of culture- and Sports Minister Stavros Kontonis-- had a common starting point. And this was no different from the expression of disapproval for the fact that Antonis Samaras has never handed over to Alexis Tsipras. "Thank you for the gracious host way, compared with the non-polite procedures we saw our earlier days and reported heavy and internationally, "said Aristides Cleaver. In the same spirit spoke and gentlemen Xydakis and Kontonis, with Costas Tasoula to intervene at the end saying "I don't want the impression I left OK-as it says and the poet- to create the impression that I am ungrateful or coward. It is not right to say them while Antonis Samaras is absent… THE,What happened to Maximus is related to the consultation that was. "

E NAS, Minister of culture is not what you thought
Thanks and courtesy is not hid nor time disposing of the new leadership not to recognize the work of the previous universally and without moderation. The brachniasmenos Nikos Xydakis made this clear at the outset. "We support the smoothness and consistency but with detachment launched visionary".

First course from new political leadership spoke Aristidis Baltas and responded to the discontent expressed by the Association of archaeologists, but also on the relevant cutting edge that left Kostas Tasoylas speaking before him, for the merging of the ministries. "I assure you that the merger is not an act of katabrochthisis culture of education, but an act of recognition of the culture and through its relationship with education. Culture is the more», He stressed Mr Cleaver. And then appointed a Minister of culture saying "must not impose his personal taste, It is unthinkable. The Minister's objective should be to provide the means for the flourishing of creativity without mediation of personal aesthetics and taste of. The aim must be diffusion of culture, the training in this and the bottom fuller development of a culture. "

He promised rupture and subversion in the context of the continuation of Greek culture and the Greek State and warned "we will have a complete partisan colorblindness. We are interested in the collective democracy produces things only when one adds to this that says the other and together create. But there will be utter transparency and fight corruption wherever it comes ". Apeythynomenoys Ministry officials stressed that they do not have the role of artists but of civil servants.

O T sitsanis and Theophilus and the Moralis
Nikos xydakis mentioned upfront in emotion. "It's a great thrill that will serve from the Ministry a place which serves for decades. One area most people whom I know and revere. "he stressed that Greece is making history these days and responded with meaning to Kosta Tasoula who earlier said" I wish not tempted because of fear for the worst to invoke an unfounded and false hope ". Nikos xydakis has made it clear that not only has this hope is uncertainty “the hope is either alive, or there is no”.

Gave the stigma would follow policy with reference to the need to create infrastructure for contemporary culture, modern arts, While he repeated many times the meaning of tradition. "For us that culture is composed to two centuries of the modern Greek State. E is the delivery, is the modern high culture and folk culture. Is the Tsitsanis, the Papagiannopoulou, and theophilos is Moralis and Papaloukas. Many people's voices e imaste».

To follow the spikes to Amphipolis – besides Nikos xydakis in a recent article in the Daily had brought against the management point communication. "The role of the story, culture, the art is not to drive the people to simply perpetuate overcompensation and komplexismoy conditions». And of course, it asserted the role of culture not only as a tool for development, but mainly as vehicle and identity expression. "The culture encapsulates the clutches without an identity, without producing ideology, without partisan uses like those that recently saw». To reach: We anexithriskoi.

Thanks for Venizelos and the Samara
Predating the placements of Kostas Tasoula, Antzelas Gerekou's Lina Mendoni, and. Costas Tasoylas, with the leg constantly shaking nervously under the table as he spoke, It was a thrill not covered at all his kindness, However, quashed the known sense of humor. Constantly referring to Aristides Chopper with the salutation "Professor", stressed that ultimately the archaeology ceased to regard the elite and embraced by the whole world anxious for good news, clearly implying the Amphipolis.

The words promotion and development were repeated more than each other while the only time raised the tone of his voice was when expressed its dissatisfaction with the fact that the Ministry is no longer self-contained "was tested in the past and failed".

It was the point that he called Lina Mendoni speak although she had requested not to make. Not for another reason, as explained by the same, but because they had already spent 4 hours of attendance of journalists and workers for the handover ceremony and reception, that was going to be on 11 in the morning, and finally started at 3 after noon. The General Secretary of the Ministry – thanked the executives of the Ministry that is above the average of civil servants, He talked about the unconditional dedication of many workers.

Evangelos Venizelos and thanked him for the support and friendship and Antonis Samaras for the trust and friendship of, with some of the assembled to react. Which is certainly not the ptoise and completed her speech. Angela Gerekou had earlier reported on what was achieved in the field of contemporary culture, asking by Nikos Xydakis to deal with the issue of development of Greece as an area cinema productions. This is the plan that started with the creation of tax incentives and infrastructure but not completed.

Moreover, who else did their settings (among them of course and the former and the current Deputy Minister for sport, spoke with the best words about each other) Nikos xydakis and Antzela Gerekou exchanged slips of paper with mobile and mail them.

Having closed five hours in the crowded auditorium bouboulina, the delivery receipt complete ceremony. And it was clear as the adeiaze Hall with large dense queues, He had just written the end of an era. Now everything will be different. And it was obvious both from the content of the grounds of the new leadership – also unlike other ministers announced no specific moves and commitments. It was evident from the tone of voice. From the new vocabulary. The emphasis in all, serious emphasis on tradition and in modern art and from the priority of identity versus the view.

What are the next steps for the enhancement of the monument of Amphipolis;

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The excavation in the Tumulus may finished Kasta, but the real work of archaeologists now starts. Studies, “war” with bureaucracy, disclosure of apotelesmatwn of excavation, the nature of the monument are some of the points that should be paid attention.

What defines the archaeological law

According to the nation, the publication of the first conclusions are compulsory to be done this year, According to the ancient law, (3028/2002) that clearly States: "The Chief systematic excavation is required to submit initial presentation for publication in up to two years from the start of the excavation" (Article 39, paragraph 3). And can this excavation was not characterized by the Central Archaeological systematics

Council, as is imperative by law, but in essence it is. If we started the 2013, This year is the year that must be deposited the initial findings. Beyond, There is room for five years after conclusion, in order to become the final publication. Then it will start and the international scientific dialogue, based on data excavation. Something that until now lacked the scientific community, with the result that only made assumptions not always very pointed. Even if you keep the characterization of rescue, suggesting an excavation carried out by the archaeological service in case the monument at risk, or the monument that has transpired during the execution of a private or public work, again the first publication must be done this year.

In accordance with paragraph 4 Article 39, "the dienergwn rescue excavation is required to submit a final report, list of findings, photographs and drawings within nine months from the conclusion of».

The next step is the syntax, with the participation of all members of the interdisciplinary team, a comprehensive maintenance plan, restoration and promotion of the Tomb. Here, scientists will be invited to answer another key question: The monument will be visited;

Up to what point; You will need to decide, always driven the interest of ancient: (a)) If you can be tucked inside or access will stop on the front with the headless statues of Sphinxes (b)) If it is possible to login, So where will be allowed. It reaches the public through the final, mostly burial chamber;

Because the space is narrow, If and when the Tomb become open, It is expected that you will get into condition for the maximum number of simultaneous visitors. Also, will definitely take steps to ensure that incoming not to pull the mosaic (so I guess I built some ramp up and at a distance from this).

End, Since some minerals from the bracing and support (scaffoldings) continue to exist, provision should be made for how exactly will become the movement of visitors in connection with these.

We remind that the tomb of Philip II’ at Aigai is not open. Oli Royal mound is located within a modern Museum shell and the facade of the tomb is visible, but a Crystal shield stops the path of visitors ahead of the.

STATIC DESIGN

And we arrive at studies. As indicated in the report of the nation, should be considered certain that there will be structural capacity study. Not only because, as the YPPOA has announced, the main funerary Chamber is in a State of limit equilibrium.

But also because the ekskafikwn use of machinery in the surroundings, like the time and what the monument has undergone, require specific knowledge of the problems. Objective to be absolutely solid monument and not in danger of parts or items with fall both for the safety of visitors and for the integrity of the same.

The structural design, like other studies, should be submitted to the Central Archaeological Council. Usually, the examination is done in at least two phases. Discussed the master plan, observations and follows the next debate with corrections to items marked.

Extreme conditions

The process is time consuming, because it takes time for the maturation of each study. Following the opinion of the APCS and issuing ministerial decision, integration of each series comes in Community financial protocol is in progress. The other case is to give money for its execution by national resources, but, given the economic situation of the country, This is extremely difficult.

The latest studies on the field that they must be drawn up and submitted in KAS for legal opinion is maintenance or parts of studies belonging to the architectural design or sculptures, of mosaics and performances. And they should according to the law to be introduced in KAS for opinion. Some maintenance work done and now, but these should constitute the so-called "first aid" to the monument and to items of decor and not final applications dysfunctioning and protection programs.
Given the extreme weather conditions in the area, and these studies are absolutely necessary.

The crumbly stone of Amphipolis, that has been used in the construction, but the thassian marble, react strongly in freezing conditions.
Also, the low temperatures contribute to the destruction of mortar and is responsible for the deterioration of painted decoration, along of course with re-exposure of colors in amtosfairas oxygen and humidity.

The roof needs to be replaced

But with these studies, nothing has been completed. It is still pending the necessary funerary monument protection from floods (the river Struma and Kerkinitida Lake is almost within the boundaries of the Tomb) and from the rains. The canopy that has already been built should be considered provisional. The hardware does not stand for many years. We will require a comprehensive study and a more durable and protective cover, with other canopy.

OSO I made all this, the paleoanthropologists now and zwooarchaiologoi will continue the study of bones that have been identified in the Tomb. The following conclusions should be expected though towards the end of next year. In-between, the State will have to decide whether to make new excavation investigations in some other parts of the Hill Kasta, in which Geophysics has discovered potential anthropogenic interventions.

In any case, This time, the excavation license should necessarily be given by the KAS. This means that we must find money for deposited the intended by law budget. Half a million euros of the current excavation was given by State, as in theory was "rescue". But it is not possible to continue to. The excavation team should seek longer and funders.
Source: rizopoulospost.com

Γενετική των Ελλήνων

Minoan mitochondrial DNA

An extremely interesting study examining the mitochondrial DNA from 37 people from the cave of Lassithi, aged 3,7-4,4 thousands of years old, i.e. from the bronze age when flourishing the Minoan civilization in Crete. The main conclusions of the investigation are:

  • The Minoan mtDNA is clearly “European” and similar to today's populations of Europe, less with those of Anatolia, the Caucasus and Western Asia, and even less with those of North Africa. Therefore debunked the theory that the Minoan culture was outside-and North African- origin.
  • According to investigators, Crete was the original settlement in the beginning of the Neolithic period and then the proto-population that created the Minoan civilization a few thousand years later.
  • The ancient Minoan mitochondrial DNA is consistent with other archaiogenetika specimens from the Neolithic Europe, that probably means that the minoans were a population associated with the wave of Neolithic colonization introduced the agricultural economy in Europe.
  • The minoans also related closely enough and with many modern populations, including several different samples from Crete and the rest of Greece. In an analysis that the nearest modern population is that of the plateau of Lassithi.
  • Although the mitochondrial DNA does not offer adequate separation of populations leptomeriakoy, It seems clear that there is a significant degree of continuity between the Minoans and modern Cretans in particular but also modern Greeks and Europeans in General.
A Lecture Dr. Christina Papagorgopoulou for the first Mesolithikoy analysis results/DNA from the Elladiko Neolithic site in the context of the BEAN Project. Summing up some elements of the lecture:

  • Worst DNA retention in the Elladiko area of Central Europe and Siberia, because of higher temperature and the use of samples from skeletons that have not been recently excavated,, But enough diversification in the samples (some sites give reliable DNA almost always)
  • Presence of mitochondrial haplogroups X, K, J, H, T
  • Absence of aploomadas U are the most important in Mesolithic Central Europe
  • The Greek examples exhibit a great distance with the Mesolithic Central Europe (Fst=0.19-0.2) but both the MED-lithic and Neolithic samples show a small distance from the Neolithic Central Europe (Linearbandkeramik Fst=0.03-0.05)

Absence of Β-Thalassemia mutations to the Minoans

According to a recent study, in sample 24 The minoans (~ 2,000 b.c.) no matching mutations causing beta-Thalassemia in modern Cretans. However, the frequency of eterozygwtwn disease in modern Cretans are 7.6%, and so in a sample of n = 24 expect to identify such mutation ~ 1. Therefore, Although we cannot exclude the presence of such mutations with the existing sample, It seems that the frequency of them must have been relatively small or zero.

Boreioasiatiki admixture in Northern Europe

A major new study discovered a startling fact about the establishment of European populations: Europeans and particularly Northerners seem to have been mixing with a population element that resembles the populations of Northern Eurasia (Siberia) but the Indians of America (who came from Siberia before 15 thousands of years ago).
This admixture seems to have been influenced to varying degrees all Europeans, but to a greater extent the inhabitants of Northern Europe. The Sardinian population seems to have influenced the minimum degree. Other ancient European DNA studies have shown that otzi (a Neolithic Mummy about 5,3 thousand-year-old who was found in a glacier in the Austrian-Italian border), the Gok4 (a Megalithic resident of Sweden from around the same era), but a resident in Bulgaria and by the iron age all largely similar among themselves and with the modern Sardinioys.
It seems that the past of the continent was much more interesting than’ What,what many nomizane. The dating of immersion between “North-Oriental” element with the ancient Europeans dates back to approximately 2,000 e.g.. with enough range for the assessment.
Two assumptions were made about how to created this phenomenon. In accordance with the first, the admixture due to the arrival of Neolithic populations in Europe from the Middle East and their adulteration with Mesolithikoys inhabitants of Europe who were genetically metatopismenoi to Asia, probably because of hunter-gatherer free movement from East to West during the prehistory in the region of Northern Eurasia. The second hypothesis explains the phenomenon in the case of invasion blended the Indo-European teams in Europe on the part of the Eurasian steppe.

Aplotypiki analysis in 2.257 Europeans

An extremely interesting new study examine the distribution of recent ancestry in many European populations.

The autosomal DNA is inherited into chunks where each person gets a random half of the DNA of the father and mother of the. In the first gennia, the length of these pieces can be very large, but on each subsequent gennia, the enduring “cutting-sewing” leads to a real collage pieces inherited from grandparents/gennia grandmothers, Coke propappoydwn/progiagiadwn.
So if two people share a long DNA in one of their chrwmatoswmata, then there is a great chance to have a relatively recent common ancestor, While if the length is less, then the common ancestor is transferred in the distant past. After some point in this process of reconstruct eliminates completely the “Mark” of common descent.
Fortunately, however, it is possible with relatively great accuracy to look with approximately half a million genetic markers if two people have common ancestors in the last few thousand years. Once we can do that for two people, We can do it and for two populations. So we conclude whether there was DNA flow among them in history, and to appreciate when was this flow, watching the case on small or large pieces of DNA.
For example, studies in African Americans showed that their genome is a mosaic of European and African DNA in a ratio of about 1 towards 4. Analyzing the relatively large lengths of these pieces, It was concluded that the admixture was-average- about 8 gennies before, i.e. in the middle of the story of the arrival of European colonists and African slaves in the new world.
The new study is interesting enough for the verification of the effects of the medieval population movements (mainly German and Slavs) in Europe.
Shows how Spain, the France, and Italy are small “Mark” the common medieval origin with the countries of the German North, which means rather that moving the Goths, Franks, Loggobardwn, Normans, etc. It resulted in very large changes in Western Europe.
The Spain looks pretty homogeneous country, as we have seen, It was significantly influenced by medieval Visigoths. Instead, the Italy, seems to have a relatively “deep” the population structure of (before 2.300 years at least) which is probably related to the arrival of different populations on its territory (e.g.. The Greeks in the South).
The sample of the Greeks (which was collected in northern Greece) presents the greatest affinity with that of Albanians and secondarily of the inhabitants of FYROM. But all the peoples of the Balkans, including Greeks and Albanians have common medieval ancestors (in the last 1.500 years or so) with the populations of Eastern Europe. The most likely interpretation is that Greeks and Albanians and those affected by the movements of the Slavs in the middle ages, but to a lesser extent than the populations of Eastern Europe who speak Slavic today. Such effect seems and other non-Slavic populations, as the Hungarians and Germans.
The geographical origin and degree of contamination of the Slavic element cannot at present be estimated. My personal estimate based on samples of Dodecad Project and comparing these with the continental Greek from Crete, the Islands, Cyprus, Pontos, and with the Notioitaloys, Turks of Anatolia, and Armenians, show that there is indeed an increased “Nordic” component in the population of continental Greece, which seems like a prop in Anatolikomesogeiako arc from Sicily until Armenia.
In conjunction with the dating of aplotypwn from the new study in the middle ages, It seems quite likely that the absorption of certain Slavic elements to synetelesthike currently. Of course this influx replaced the local population not, who is still basically Mediterranean (the sample of the Greeks placed roughly in the middle of the Italian bed between the North and the South). My personal estimate is that this admixture of 10-20%.
In any case, along with highly new programmes in the field of ancient DNA as the BEAN Project and another great European program for people from the 45.000 until the 4.500 before the present, We will learn in the next few years several things about the prehistory and origins of various European populations.

DNA from the Mesolithic Iberia

A new study for the first time, cast light on the origins of the Mesolithikwn people of Ibirias. Their mitochondrial DNA belonged to haplogroup U5b2c1. As shown, the inhabitants of Europe before the advent of agriculture belonged to various sub-groups of U aploomadas and mainly on U5. Until now most items for’ This had been identified in Central and Eastern Europe, but recent developments suggest that similar population stood in Britain, the Luxembourg, and the Iberian Peninsula.
The scholars also isolated a small portion of the DNA of two Mesolithikwn aytoswmatikoy hunter-gatherer. Here were faced with a surprise: the Mesolithikoi people seem quite close, of course, with modern Europeans but have a small clear and visible deviation to the side of modern East Asian populations. If only compared with European populations, more Boreioeyrwpaϊkoys similar populations and does not seem to suggest that there is continuity in local population, nor even with Basque who is supposed by some that are descendants of the Mesolithikoy population.
There is here a reversal: While a resident of Neolithic Sweden, It looked more like the modern Negotiation, Here we have Mesolithikoys inhabitants of which resemble Ibirias Boreioeyrwpaioys. The most likely explanation is that before the advent of agriculture in Europe, the continent was inhabited by a population layer which has been absorbed by subsequent migrations but has been preserved to a greater extent in the more remote northern regions. However it seems that this substrate is not dominant but has largely masked by migrations of populations during the Neolithic age and the bronze age.

DNA from the Neolithic Sweden

A new study in the magazine Science He managed to extract autosomal DNA from four people aged 5000 approximately from the Neolithic years Sweden. Three of these people were hunter-gatherers (Pitted Ware Culture PWC) While one belonged to the first agricultural culture of Northern Europe (Funnelbeaker Culture / Trichterbecherkultur TRB). The sample of the farmer was a tooth found in a Megalithic Tomb.
Two hypotheses have been formulated for the diffusion of agricultural economy in Europe. According to a case idea of agriculture along with the familiar plants and animals species adopted autonomously by European hunters-gatherers. Another hypothesis argues that the Neolithic agro-pastoral “package” and other technologies (as the anagersi Megalithic monuments) transmitted across the continent from colonization of people carrying themselves the new economy at the edges of the continent.
The new study clearly supports the second hypothesis. Samples of hunter-gatherer and farmer coming from a distance of 400 km between them and have difference in very few centuries. Nevertheless exhibit genetic differences between them as important as today's Europeans from two different ends of Europe.

Most important, the agricultural sample resembles the Mediterranean peoples of Europe, and especially Cypriots and Greeks. Samples of hunter-gatherer are outside of the current genetic diversity in Europe, but more similar to the Finns and others Boreioeyrwpaioys.
It seems that at least in the initial phase of the spread of agriculture in Europe there hasn't been a great deal of mixing between the two groups. In Scandinavia, at the edges of Europe, farmers and hunter-gatherers lived separately for 1000 years and yet had not come into wide contact between them, the resulting agricultural sample still resembles with the populations of Mediterranean Europe, that chance came a few millennia earlier.

(A)nalysi of the Balkans and West Asia with ChromoPainter/fineSTRUCTURE

In the context of Dodecad Project completed a first analysis of the Greeks, along with several other populations from the Balkan peninsula and Western Asia by using the combination of ChromoPainter and fineSTRUCTURE programs (paintmychromosomes.com).
The autosomal DNA, i.e. the DNA of 22 chromosomes except X/Y is inherited in “tracks”. Each man has a pair of the chromosomal 1, one of the 2, Coke. Each chromosomal DNA consists of some pieces that belonged to his father, and some pieces that belonged to his mother.
THE reconstructing of chromosomes (recombination) a child from the parents of genetically in the passage of generations creates ever-smaller (in length) DNA fragments derived from human's ancestors, After the DNA sequence ever decays and reconstructed in every generation.
The ChromoPainter technique uses statistical methods to extract useful information from DNA, looking at not just what basis has each person in every point of the genome (e.g.. A, C, G, or T) but anasynthetontas it in pieces (chunks) continuous DNA which is identical with other people (e.g.. ACCGGTT).
A ratio helps to understand the usefulness of these techniques. Imagine a book where the text consists of a, b, c, d, … If not just stared at what letters contains a book but also combinations of letters, one could draw the conclusion that a book where we find the combination-ing at the end of words is likely to be written in English, While a book where we find the combination-ano is written in Italian. The ChromoPainter technique uses all elements, from just “letters” to large DNA sequences.
The fact that DNA is inherited in “tracks” called link (linkage). Using well logging information for genetic markers, along with information about the possibility of the chromosomal to “torn/anasyntethei” at every point of the length of the (recombination map), We can compare the DNA of different people much more “Smart”: If you have e.g.. feature common DNA sequences then are likely to be relatives, If you have several short sequences, can belong to the same or kindred peoples, While if you have a little (comparatively) common DNA may belong to separate populations.
Various people have in common the 99% their DNA, but small differences in rest 1% sufficient to create multiple phenotypic differences (e.g.. the color of the eyes or the shape of facial features) but give us secure information on their origin.
Using these techniques well able, using approximately 250 thousands of genetic markers to identify 25 different “populations” in a set 413 people. The whole process took about a week to an average modern computer, and the results are impressive.

I won't explain in detail all the aspects of this analysis. All items are here (in English).
But I will insist on some points. Thanks to the participation in Project Dodecad, I now have a sample 20 Greeks (Greek_D) from various areas within and outside of present-day Greece, as well as a Greek Cyprus (Greek_Cypriot_D). The existing sample is divided in three subgroups:

  • pop8 where Greeks from mainland Greece
  • pop14 where are Greeks from Crete, the Aegean Sea, Asia minor, Cappadocia and Pontos, with varying degrees of contamination with Greeks from mainland Greece
  • pop11 where Greek Cypriots from a published study (Cypriots) one Greek Cypriot Dodecad's Project as well as 3 Turkish Cypriots and one who has partial Turkish origin

Interesting is also the pop22 where you will find a series of people from different nationalities Pontos/languages.
It is important to note that this technique was able to correctly grouped individuals from different populations. Although the populations represented by large sample (like the Greeks, Turks, and Armenians) population subgroups could be antopisei. And in populations where the samples are small (e.g.. in various Balkan groups or in various populations of Pontus) grouping them geographically nearby relatives or correctly populations.

As increasing the number of samples, so will grow and our ability to uncover the structure of different populations.

For example, small samples of Slovenes, Serbs, Bosniaks, etc. grouped now in pop18. The same and small samples of Turkish/Armenian/Lazwn/Muslim Pontian Greeks from Pontos in pop22 group. This group will probably in the future lead to more detailed groups, enough to find more participants from specific areas.
For example, at the moment there is only one pure Cretan in program, situated with several other Greeks in the Group pop14. If you join many Cretans even, It is possible to create a “Cretan team” corresponding with those who have many more Cypriots (pop11). Respectively, If you join many Serbs and Slovenes, It is likely to break the pop18 group and to create groups of Serbs and Slovenes.
There are also populations with no representation, as Albanians, 100% Ellinopontioi, 100% Greeks of the Ionian, Montenegrins, and it is clear that if these groups have common genetic characteristics, These cannot be discovered if none of them in the program!

Dodecad Project: sharper for the Greek population
In a previous post I presented the first results for the sample of 12 Greeks Dodecad Project, demonstrating the Greek position between Southern Europe and Western Asia, with smaller influences from Northern Europe, Middle East, and negligible from Africa, India and the far East.

I recently moved a step further using the data of volunteers of the program in conjunction with the public data from scientific research, moving to a more thorough analysis of relations among various populations Dytikoeyrasiatikoys (Caucasoid) from Europe, West and Central Asia and Northern Africa.
The most important new feature of this analysis is the separation of Boreioeyrwpaϊkis component in Northwest European (who has maximum in Scandinavia, Britain, and Ireland) and Northeastern European (who has maximum to Lithuanians, Northern Slavs, and Finns). Also the Southeuropean now separated into two component, a Basque with a maximum in Basque and distribute mainly in the Atlantic and Southwest Europe, and a Sardiniaki with Mediterranean distribution that extends up to Western Asia.
All results can be found at Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog, but here mention the average values for the Greek sample 12 people:
Western Asia 31.3
Sardinia 31.0
Northeast Europe 11.7
North-west Europe 11.7
South-west Asia 8.9
Basque 5.1
North Africa 0.1
East Asia 0.1
East Africa 0.1
South Asia 0.0
Yposacharios Africa 0.0
You do not need to repeat that these values represent aspects of the relations of the Greeks with other populations and does not necessarily mean that Greeks are mixture of Basque, Sardiniwn, Dytikoasiatwn, Mr. o. k. Just show that there are e.g.. greatest common origins with the peoples of Asia minor than to the Basques or with the Sardinioys and other Mediterranean peoples than with those of the Baltic.
An interesting aspect of this study is the “balanced expression” of Boreieyrwpaϊkwn components. This demonstrates, in my opinion that genetic evidence with Northern nature did not come to Greece only because of commuting Slavs during the medieval period, After the Slabikoi populations have a much higher BA European but NW European component (ratio 3.7 : 1 the Russians against 1:1 the Greeks).
In Southern Italy and Sicily the corresponding percentages are 2.6 and 13.2 (ratio 0.2 : 1), and in Central Italy 3.8 and 20.7 (ratio 0.19 : 1), While in the Balkan sample 32.6% and 23.7 (ratio 1.4 : 1).
Therefore it is logical to assume that the European component of the Greeks is linked to historical events (Slavic migrations in the middle ages) which had negligible effect on Central South Italy (not accepted Slavs), next largest in Greece, the Balkans, and maximum on exw-Balkan Slavic peoples of Northern Europe. This effect does not, however, exceed the 1/9 about, even if all the European component reduced to this phenomenon.
But let's not forget that such Northern components meet and in Western Asia, the Caucasus, Persia, even the Indies, While West Asian and southern European counterparts are extended to Northern Europe, It is therefore dangerous to relate on the’ entirely on specific recent peoples.
Of course those Greeks have genetic data aytoswmatika from 23andMe or Family Tree DNA want to contribute to Project Dodecad with complete anonymity and confidentiality are welcome, and they can contact me at dodecad@gmail.com For more details.

Dodecad Project: the first dozen of Greeks

With great joy I note that we have already reached the 12 Greek participants in Dodecad Project. Thanks to their participation, We can do studies as This that shows some consistency among the Greeks and residents of southern Italy and Sicily or This showing the location of Greeks compared with residents of Western Asia.
Whoever friend wants to participate in the program can contact me at dodecad@gmail.com as I mentioned here. Now I edit data and from 23andMe and from Family Tree DNA.
So far the results of the Greek members of the Project on the basis of 10 components that I usually use is as follows:
We can observe:
  1. Greater and more stable component is the Southeuropean, which has the maximum of Sardinia and is found throughout Europe, especially South and West Asia
  2. Next and relatively stable is the Dytikoasiatiki, which is the maximum of the Caucasus and Asia minor and extends from the Atlantic to the India
  3. THE Nordic following component and are more variable, that is the percentage of in every Greek can vary quite. This component has a maximum in the Baltic but extends strong enough until the northern border of Greece but also in the entire North-Central Europe and Northern Eurasia
  4. THE Southwest Asian component has the next rate and is quite stable. Has its maximum in Mesanatolikoys populations.
  5. The percentages of the remaining components are small and quite variable, i.e. someone can have a small percentage while most nearly zero. All together is 0.36% of which the 0.24% can be classified Anatolikoeyrasiatiko (Moggoloeides) and the 0.03% Anatolikoafrikaniko (Ethiopian). Absent the Dytikoafrikaniko element, While there are slight North African (0.04%) and Notioasiatika (0.05%). Probably these figures are within the limits of statistical noise.

Generally the Greeks seem to have anticipated recommendation given their geographical location.

The following is a comparative table of average values for other populations.
Note finally that the ten elements should not be considered as a real past populations, but it's hypothetical populations that were calculated by the program ADMIXTURE and help us to see some aspects of relations between a large number of populations.
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The oldest Mall 2700 years was discovered in ancient Clay

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Archaeologists unearthed the exceptionally well preserved remains of an ancient commercial center in northern Greece.
Discovered at a point where the gallery made excavations from the 1992.It is so well preserved that individual stores can be identified – including spaces produced and sold their own olive oil.1378509_1387917354782358_960411203_n
The non-uniform design shows that each owner had designed and built his shop, only one of the.In ancient Greece, the arcade, It was a great, open construction that housed shops and usually delimited public squares of the city.

The galleries were common in the Hellenistic period, from the 3rd to the 1st centuries BC, but earlier examples are extremely rare.
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The ancient Clay is 4 km. West of the mouth of the Strymon River, at a distance 6 about km. from ancient Amphipolis, stretching over an area 150 acres and occupying the Hill Castle.
argilos
According to the literary tradition was founded in 655 e.g.. from Andrioys and was the oldest colony in the Aegean and the eastern coast of Andros.
The purpose of creation of the control of the Valley of the Struma and rich in agricultural products, in timber and minerals hinterland.
At its peak, in the 5th century BC., the Clay was one of the wealthiest cities in the region.
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The excavation of clay is a systematic excavations within the framework of a joint program launched by the Canadian 1992 and continues.
In charge of the excavations is the Canadian professor of classics at the University of Montreal and the archaeologist Jean Pero k. Zisis Mponias head of Antiquities II΄Eforeias Kavalas.

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"We had no idea that something as historically important could be found tucked away here," said Mr. Pero for finding. "It's extremely exciting and we believe that there are many more things that can be found."
Archaeologists have emphasised that nothing like this had ever been discovered and they expect to find many more stores when you start the excavations on the eastern side of the lodge next year.

http://www.argilos.net/

Management plan for the archaeological site of Philippi

In the context of his application for entry at Unesco

Two sites of ancient Philippi are submitted for inclusion on the Unesco World Heritage list. The archaeological site within the city walls and the site of the battle of Philippi.

At a recent meeting of the Central Archaeological Council (KAS), the members unanimously gave the go-ahead to the master plan for the candidacy of Philippi which should be deposited in international organisation at the latest by 1 February 2015.

The goal of the project

As stated in KAS, the aim of this project is the recording of the needs and possibilities of the archaeological site of Philippi, as well as the stylization of actions to protect, maintenance and emergence of. Specific, These interventions are being developed in five axes, inter alia, relate to the protection of cultural goods from natural disasters, as fires, floods and earthquakes, as well as in maintenance, restoration and enhancement of ancient sets.

Also, provides for the repeal of the old road that cut through the space in two (currently inactive), which reduced in width and without the asphalt will remain only half for emergencies and needs and of the excavations, the tagging and creating parking spaces and public facility and, end, to ensure the continuation of activities in the area, as the educational programs and the Festival of Philippi.

The archaeological site of Philippi is inextricably linked not only with the brilliant city founded the Macedonian King Philip, but with the famed battle that determined the future of the Roman Empire, While it is the area where the Apostle of the Gentiles, Paul, pressed for the first time his foot on Greek and European territory by baptizing and preaching the Gospel on the banks of the river Zygaktis the first female Christian, St. Lydia.

The city of Philippi is the most important archaeological site of Eastern Macedonia. The first settlers were colonists from Thassos, who founded in 360 e.g.. the colony of krinides. The city has experienced acne during the Hellenistic years. The excavations began in Philippi in 1914 by the French archaeological school. Today, the archaeological service, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the French archaeological school continue the archaeological research. The findings of the excavations are kept in the Archaeological Museum of Philippi.naftemporiki.gr

Η ηρωική ηπειρώτισσα μάνα Ολυμπιάδα

Η ηρωική ηπειρώτισσα μάνα Ολυμπιάδα

Η μητέρα του Μεγάλου Αλεξάνδρου που δεν έζησε ποτέ στη σκιά των δύο «γιγάντων»!

The time that archaeological conjecture for the famous occupant of the tomb was found in the position of Amphipolis Kasta give and take, the legendary Olympics remains one of the prevailing theories.

The historian and author Andrew Chang has made it clear that "when 90% is this», While other archaeologists prestigious seen buried in massive tumulus of Amphipolis, with their arguments to have reasonable basis.

So what if the historical sources disagree; Like Let's say Diodorus Siculus, When he claimed that "for cassander was proved by its own acts that were totally opposed to Alexander's policy, Why shoot the Olympics and threw atafi and rebuilt with great diligence Thebes that Alexander had leveled ". The historian of the 1st century BC. does not leave any room for doubt about the fate of the militant Ipeirwtissas when stresses unequivocally "the GF γάρ foneysanta atafon ripsai Olympics».

Whatever the historical truth about the occupant of Amphipolis, the famous Princess of Molossians and Grand Commander mother remains an enigmatic figure of the ancient world, a dynamic woman who is actively involved in the political events of the era, as the personality and the influence the cut ever in the patient's sex position.

As for the life of the Princess ipeirwtissas, only adventurous can logistei: from the betrayal of Kassandoy up to the disgrace of death, the Olympiad was the legend of militant and managed the impossible, not to be overshadowed by the personality of the ' Giants ' of her life, Philip and Alexander of ...

Early years

The Olympiad is born the 373 e.g.. as a daughter of deyterotoki King of the molossians of Epirus, Neoptolemus Ii, in the city Passarwna (today's Prefecture of Ioannina), capital then possible Kingdom. By the standards of the era, its name was changed in the course of her life, following the events of the life of: the Princess born Polyxeni renamed Myrtali after her marriage and later became known as the Olympiad (and Stratonice) When Philip was crowned Olympic champion in chariot races of the Olympics 356 e.g..

For the children of years and not many well-known, Although we know that defining moment of her life was when to age 11 years lost her father ascended to the throne and her uncle Arybbas. The first work of this, to marry the older sister of Olympic Games, Troas (and niece of Arybba), and to transfer the Familia in Ambracia (Orraon), they grew up probably the Princess.

From small thirsting for education, the Olympics took the traditional higher education in the era of prosidiaze in the Royal lineage, Although she showed the same thirst for all things metaphysical. He lived in heyday of Molossians, a period review of institutions and spiritual awakening, so all the Greek world was at the discretion.

The side well in Royal education received, He was initiated in priestly mysteries and served for years on the Oracle of Delphi, at the same time that the metaphysics of curiosity about life and the esoteric secrets of the death brought by the Bakchikwn Mysteries of territory up to the Cabeiri of Samothrace, There they reportedly met for the first time Philip II of Macedon (in the sanctuary of the great gods). From the mystical this occupation became famous in antiquity familiarity with snakes (the fact that legend say that Zeus himself was joined together with the form of the serpent was leading Alexander the great into believing that he was the son of the King of the gods)…

By Princess ipeirwtissa, makedonissa Queen

The Olympiad married King of Macedon, Philip Ii, the 357 e.g.. and passed on the side of two decades (as the murder of the King 337 e.g.), getting together of two children, Alexander and Cleopatra. It was indeed the only one of the eight women of Philip (complete chronology: Kiss, Aydati, Filinna, Olympiad, Nikasipoli, Mida, Arsinoe and Cleopatra), He took the title of Queen, as the superior education and dynamic of the character stood out from all the other.

Under its own pressure was annexed Philip all the neighbouring regions in the Kingdom of the molossians, with the same and the young son to remain for many years in her hometown and Dodoni. So when I went up later Alexander at the helm of Macedonia inherited the Molossians, and Macedonians sincere relationships.

The Olympiad assumed from the beginning that he entered the courtyard of Pella action, trying to ensure the succession of her own son to the Macedonian throne. So while many praised for the combative personality and incomparable charm, others accused the pathological fondness to Alexander and the machinations of the last to get the coveted anointing (Plutarch, Let's say, the characteristic of kakotropi and jealous, While the habit of appearing with domesticated snakes could not pass unnoticed).

Despite the 20 years passed on the side of Philip, the couple then estrangement from some harmonically years common life, When the King made another feasibility wedding, This time the 17 year-old Cleopatra attalid House, that resulted in another descendant, the Arridaio the younger. This fact was that estranged the Olympiad and pushed to permanently abandon, along side the King's voracious sexual activity were the sons of, who would have rights to the Macedonian throne anymore (According to another version, It was the narrative of the myth with Zeus who turned into a snake and left her pregnant to Alexander that angered Philip and split, accusing her of adultery, After openly admit that Alexander was not the son of!).

Philip decided to marry his daughter Cleopatra to King of the molossians and brother of Olympias, Alexander A., partly to thank the former Queen of, hoping to rebuild their relationships. But as we know during the wedding ceremony the head of his personal guard Pausanias nailed with the sword.

Serving researchers currently supports that behind the assassination was the Olympiad, on the occasion of the last marriage of Philip with the young Cleopatra and the acquisition of their son, who threatened the Royal rights of Alexander. The historical scenarios involve him Alexander the great in the lethal shot, as stratilatis devalued in delfinwn and purges of political opponents to ensure his throne, always on the pretext that ekdikoytan the killing his father.

We are furthermore in another notorious era machinations and plektanwn, so all scenarios are open. The seasons which Philip the trust with eyes closed and give the governance of the Kingdom when it was missing on kataktitikes campaigns had gone gone. Extra, the Olympiad was created in Macedonian Court its own circle of favoured and courtiers, something that brought further friction in their relations of ...

Political action and death of Alexander the great

The time to show the Olympiad the fighter character and personality of the heroic had arrived: After leaving Macedonia and settled in Epirus (as the great goal for the enthronement of Alexander at the helm of the Kingdom was successful), debts assumed Regent and guardian of the underage grandson of Neoptolemus yet c, When she died her brother Alexander I.

The continent is developed political action, with its historic importance to affect the entire Greek world: expanded the "audience of Molossians» with append new sex in the Kingdom of Epirus, Renaming the anymore in the Apeirotan mean "Allies" and xanadinontas of the old prestige.

Although the new Alliance was not to makroimereysei (It took just 8 years: 336-328 e.g.), She was no longer the powerful person of the molossians, ruling with determination and their Builder of fist for other 11 ή 13 (According to other sources) years.

When she learned the death of her son Alexander c latremenoy ' the 323 e.g., knock-down could not believe the tragic news. Oil in a tragic fire clearly threw the incredible quarrels and the epigonwn of race or strenuously active. Commander for the successor State, as there were few generals of claiming a share of the huge territorial pie.

When he was appointed throne Dauphin another son of Philip, the Arridaios (by Filinna), the Olympics could not hide her anger (Meanwhile he had returned to Macedonia from the 317 e.g.). The danger for the life of the newborn grandson of Alexander IV (the son of Alexander and Roxanne), He had meanwhile symbasilias anagoreytei to settle the riots, It was great.

Olympiad, Roxane and Alexander d ' resort so in secure Continent, watching the crippling battles of Alexander epigonwn from the Kingdom of the molossians. The fate didn't tell yet though the reason ...

Armed conflict and run

The aftermath of the war of succession anointed all-powerful General cassander in Macedonia, the biggest political opponent of Olympiad, who is allying himself with the Dauphin Arridaio was a Commissioner of the Macedonian throne. Anticipating that the new conspiracy would leave unless the Crown her grandson Alexander d ', the Olympiad organised by the troops of the molossians and invaded in Macedonia.

At first even conflicts with the forces of Arridaioy, the Continental Army of the Olympiad WINS and the pretender to the Crown is captured, finding the tragic death of the elderly no longer Queen. It was then that came out in the wake of kassandros, who besieges the Olympiad in Pydna (City of thermaikos) and after 7 months of siege the Queen surrenders to save the life of her grandson.

Kassandros but defaulted on his promise and slaughtered the Olympiad, though according to other sources, He called those who loathed to the stone, However, leaving the bunch of atafi rotting. It was the tragic end and at the end of a whole era. With the Olympics outside the frame and without high-level support anymore, what you feared the Roxane happened: the Antipater, son of Cassander and usurper of power in Macedonia, jailed her and her son Alexander IV and by order of the 311 e.g.. mother and son murdered. ...

NEWSBEAST.GR

The peoples inhabiting the Prefecture of Serres, during the early historical times.

Th γάρ what good space oyd’ efimeros
oyd’ eratos, oios Amphi Sirios roas.
Archilochos.

Although Archilochus, style question, my guide is like writing, though the excerpt that had escaped my attention, until the project and my friend Christos Polatidis had once indicated. It looks like the earliest written testimony of our country, from man who saw him up close. Indeed it is very buttery reason, a and exits the poisonous pen of Archilochos, which unlike that of Homer, had great sparingly on flattery, While rattled the spikes for everything bad. Thassos shows like donkey back to the same poem.

And indeed Archilochus should arrived in our parts. In the battles of Phrygian Pariwn with genders, on the coast opposite the island of Thassos, the last colony of Pariwn was Galipsos, very close to Iiona which was the port of Amphipolis. So in some of the battles with neighbors, claiming living space found in the Valley of Struma. We know that the Parioi arrived in Bisaltia where according to Callimachus, Bisalti Osydri killed, but also in the archaeological excavations of Amphipolis statue on horseback from pedestal was found which has the inscription: Commissioned the Parioi monument in Ember Toki, Why died in his teens, battling for the erati Iiona.
This great little intro and verse of Archilochos, is to understand as much as possible, the complex, When talking about ancient tribes. Seeing as there are no clear dividing lines. When they battle like enemies, when defending along the Iiona. The Athenians would have like heroic cult in Amphipolis the Ember King Riso. Which mythical Rhesus of the Iliad, It was typically Thracian and… “Serraios”.
“Re’ the winds dernomenos
the pageroys of Thrace, Paionia and”
“Around the Pangeo
and the Paionioys Plains”
Euripides Rhesus
As we have seen, writing for the prehistoric area of leaves, the area was inhabited by Thracians, Paeonian and Pelasgians. From these sheets impurities, and other neighbouring (Macedonians etc), or settlers (Parioi, Athenians etc) created many races around the Strymon and the slopes of the mountains that surround the basin, What we call today the Prefecture of Serres. With influences from the tribes who were isolated or prosmichthikan, they created their own culture and dialect, which characterised. Based on these well, separate these phyla into two categories. In Phrygian and Paionika, from the main effect mainly linguistic dialect which used. The areas of the County, as will the quote, does not have an absolute nature as to their geographical identification, a and the sexes were not borders and identify Paioniko or Thracian sex, It is like we are delivered from the ancient.

Paionika genders:

Agrianes

“…and anisti and Agrianas and Laiaioys and others as Nations Paionika…”
Thucydides
The Agrianes as their hands in Thucydides is sex Paioniko residing in the NORTHEAST area of Strymon Uptown, as written by Strabo. C. Kaftantzis in our history of Serres writes that should be lived in an important part of ancient orbiloy, from the area of Melenikou (South Bulgaria), until the SOUTHWEST foot of Menoikioy.
Arrian to Alexander ascent, the singles of the Paeonian, so I have to assume that during the period of classical times, There was some cultural change to the Agrianes. The Agrianes was one of the most robust, Hardy and polemikoteroys peoples of the then known world, as informs us again Arrian. Were friends and allies of the Macedonians and the King Laggaros had very friendly ties, both Philip II’ and m. Alexander.
Latest reports about sex that we have at the time of Perseus. Apparently then assimilated culturally into another sex. However when we say “assimilated” ή “disappeared”, I need to know how the characteristics of each people and the cultural, religious (We'll talk about this in more detail) heritage the digests within a new impurity. Nothing is lost and everything is tradition. Them to not repeating you should bear in mind and in subsequent races that we will mention.

Laiaioi

“Laiaioi nation Paionikon” us writes Stephen of Byzantium. Are the neighbors of Agriani, As Thucydides informs us: “and the Strymonos River, the Skombroy and conditions, di Laiaiwn and flows of Agriani”. There aren't many references for the Laiaioys. Probably lived in the shadow of the more powerful and their gay of Agriani.

Siriopaiones

The Siriopaiones with its capital the Siri, According to Herodotus lived in the downtown area which was later named Odomantiki. The first historical reference to this people in 513p. During his campaign against the Persian General Megabazoy Paiones.

Paioples

The people he seems to lived in the mountainous outskirts of Menikio, compared with lowland Siropaionwn. Specifically in the area of current darnakochwriwn, as and further East in the foothills and slopes of Menikio, to the n. Zichni. We report from Herodotus to be from Megabazo in Persia and the adventurous return. Later we read again about them during the campaign of Xerxes at 480p. They have found small coins with depiction of wild ducks and lizard which according to Svoronos as assigned to Paioples. In fact the Paioples considers Svoronos as immigrants persecuted by the Macedonians, coming from the area of Prespa.

Doberes

People who according to Herodotus lived to the Paioplwn, likely in the region n. Zichni up Alistrati and probably is part of a Paionikoy sex which was cut off from the area of Dojran and settled in the area after the Trojan, the era of colonization Paionikis to the East and South.

Derrones – Zaieleoi – Orreskioi

Three folks who are unknown to us their geographical location, but we are known from their coins. On the basis of their currencies, confirming the existence of these peoples in the area around Strymon at the 500p. about. Of the performances and the currency symbols, conjectured that it is peoples Paionikoys. The most interesting are the Derrones, who like delivers the Hesychius took their name from the one deity Darwn, which was the goddess of health. It should be noted that the Greeks used to call all healers gods, as Paeonian or Paiionas. Here you have to stand out in a currency Pelasgic – Paioniko that one side has the name Lykeios and other Apollo with the inscription Derrwnaios. The therapist God Apollo.

Phrygian language genders:

Maedi

“Maedi, nation of Thrace, near Macedonia…” us written by F. Of Byzantium. The Maedi shared with Laiaioys and Paeonian Agrianes and the Thracians Sintoys, the northern area of the current Prefecture. Were people war and fierce. They were defeated twice by the Macedonians, the first time from the m. Alexander in 340p and Philip e’ the 211p, but without permanently subdued. Even against the Romans rose up the Maedi. There is an inscription found at Liti and mentions an unknown RAID of Maidwn along with Skordiskoys (Galatians) in Macedonia, the 119 and 118p. However, they were defeated by the Romans at some unknown location ARGOS. Later they took part in the Mythridatiko war and paid dearly as Sulla plundered the country of Maidwn who were confined in the Haemus mountains and Slavyanka.

Wdones

“Wdones, nation of Thrace, per Maidois omoron. Dionysus in the Exclusiv Maidwn t Bassarikwn’ wild sex and wdones elesipeploi”.
Stephanos Vyzantios.
As we write and the c. Kaftantzis their name refers either to the Idones region of Amphipolis which will see below, either in Klwdwnes which means the Bacchae. So we conclude that the wdones was a piece of the most famous Thracian region's gender, hedoni. Maybe you were the original core of the.

Sintoi

“Invited γάρ tines Sinties of Thracians, or Sintoi, or Saioi…”
Stef. Of Byzantium
The Sintoi is the Thracian sex, probably are part of Sindwn, who according to Herodotus lived East of Crimea, adjacent to the Scythians. This sex likely descended to the South and the encounter so the area you are considering, and in the SOUTHWEST of Nestos named Sapes (Sintioi… The d’ These onomazoynte Sapai now:). Also Homer and Strabo tell us about one race which spoke no Greek, resided in Lemnos and which was called Sintioi according to the first in the Odyssey, “Sintias Agriofwnoys” and Sintoys in accordance with the second.
For the origins of the name we can't draw any meaning from ancient Greek. C. Kaftantzis concludes that the name comes from the word Sandwn which means was Sun. But the more likely it is to be driven to this conclusion from his own point of view for the iliolatria to the Strymonioys folks. Most likely, the word is derived from a dialect which is unknown.

Odomantes

Perhaps the most complicated history within Strymoniki Earth. In principle we are confined to one area of Pageos, to take advantage of some of the mines of the mountain, but mainly the Satres control. After the Meidika (and for this the c. Kaftantzis writes that perhaps extended with the help of the Persians and this has the significance of habits of Odomantwn as we will see after), the Odomantes appear to occupy the entire area east of the Strymon, from the area of the present-day Sidirokastrou, to Amphipolis! For this and we have one confusion, a resident in the same area and the best-known Greek Phrygian from all genders, the Edoni. On the origin of Odomantwn also in many ways prevail and disagreements. Others consider Paeonian, other Thracians, other Jews! The latter are driven to this conclusion from the strange and repulsive for the Greek habit of Odomantwn, to make circumcision.
As with the case of personally Odomantwn with preoccupied several in the past. The personal point of view I have for this is that people are going for Thracian sex which went almost desolate country of Paiones from RAID and abduction of Megabazoy, piezomenoi from the hawkish Satres. While culturally joined the Paeonian returned, as with the Persians who after the Persian wars know that had the fortress of Iionas, which later occupied the Athenians. so this strange habit, either they brought the Paeonian returned from the East, either the Persians held over the coast and the region's forts.

Edoni

The Edoni were one of the most famous ancient Thracian tribes. For the Greeks, the word idwnas was synonymous with many times the word typically Thracian! Aeschylus in the Persians characterizes the Thracian land as “Idwnis flag”, and in the tenth century dictionary, in Word Father = Phrygian Idwnika. The Idones inhabited by older and in Thassos, in Athos, in Bisaltia in Mygdonia where according to Thucydides the displaced Macedonians with Alexander the’ during the fifth century b.c..
A large chunk of Pleasures which stretched between the N slopes of Pageos, the Aggiti and strimonikos Bay, East of the Strymon, called Phillis or Kiasa. A smaller piece, South of Paggaio called Pieria and the vagina Pierikos. The area around the ancient city of Myrkino called Myrkinia. While the area approaching the Struma and slopped into the sea was called “Niriidwn Dances”. Here you have to stand in the special relationship that we see in the ruins of Amphipolis with nymphs or illustrations and cults, as a sacred one nymph outside the northern wall of the ancient city, they were a very interesting ritual cult chthonias, that probably had to do with the Struma and perhaps with the daughter of Rodopi, which he played along with Persephone in the abduction of the latter by Hades in Elefsina.

The shrine of the nymph in front of the North wall

Satrai – Bissoi

Satres lived in the high and inaccessible parts of the mountains, Pageos, Menoikioy, Rodopi and possibly even West. Probably belonged to the tribe of Dio and were people liberal, Wild, many times listrikos and polemikotatos. I never succumbed to anyone as it informs us of Herodotus. It was not, so powerful in war often serving as volunteers or mercenaries in other armies. Satres according to Herodotus were the famous Bissoi, that of priestly of Dionysus, are then separate Thracian tribe. The great that people resisted the King Demetrius to239p. to Philip e’ the 183p., era in which referred to as the main ethnicity of Thrace. Also the Romans fought the 72p. and finally only 11 m ypotachtike. Re’ the min. Piswna. As the people he converted to Christianity by the Romans and was merged with the great mass of Dardanoys and so lost in this melting pot of Nations and cultures and this breed, a religion orgiastikis, a wild life and a culture of nature.

Panaioi

The Panaioi lived near Amphipolis. Herodotus in the enumeration of the tribes of the region do not mention. You should therefore assume that or transferred here after grabbing the Megabazo or Paiones is admixture of THRACIANS or Thracian with Paeonian or all three together. The Aggitis River was named by the Byzantines, as Panakas, something that may not be irrelevant. Their name probably has religious morphology of God Nappy. Obviously you need to possess some sanctuary of Pan, part of the theatre of Dionysus, a and all the peoples of the region were Mystics of the God Dionysus. It is known from finds in the worship of God pan in the area of our County. So from funerary figurines of Amphipolis, as mainly from Gazwroy anathimatos clip under where are the God's feet tragisia, with the inscription Theydas, Koyzilmoris, anethinto Pan eyxamenoi. The name Koyzilmoris seems the Thracian.
The Panaioi during the Peloponnesian War they took part of the Athenians. The Panaioi then and after annexation in Macedonian Kingdom “lost”, apparently within the Macedonian empire, create with other neighboring tribes, a more general Thracian culture.

Pieres

Another strange story as that of Odomantwn. The Pieres were Thracian people, but that was much more clear Greek influences. Enchanting myths accompany them for their high art and philosophy. The Pieres are known from the Iliad, Although Thracians in unspecified time arrived to live on Olympus. From there were driven in a series of wars, from the first Macedonian Kings. So found on the southern slope of Pageos, where it might be and their first cradle.

Bisaltai

The land of Bisaltwn was West of the Strymon on the South side of. Lived together with their Idwnoys, the Pelasgians and mainly the Paeonian and had their own Kings, the names of many of whom we have left. The Bisaltae were native people, who occasionally arrived on a large scale because of their conquests. From the archaic years exchanged culture with Greek, a and the coast was inhabited by settlers from southern Greece. (… ESTI oikimenin Argilon in the seashore, parexime city Greece, This and the kaleetai point Bisaltii katyperthe. Herodotus). Characterized as a people for their love of freedom, bravery and their discipline. The Bisaltae name comes from their progenitor Bisalti, son of the Sun and Earth.
A typical quote from Herodotus to the Bisaltae are the following, from the Persian wars.
Then the King of the country of Bisaltwn and Kristinaiwn, In typically Thracian origin, did this unheard-of. He not only had stated that his won't ever become a slave of Xerxes, and left up to the Rhodope Mountain, but his sons and ordered not to embark vs. Greece. But either because they defied his words, or because they simply wanted to become spectators of the war, took part in the campaign along with Persi. When everyone returned unharmed after the campaign, their father took out the eyes for this blame. And such fee they got.

Pelasgic genders:

Kristwnaioi

The Kristwnaioi at the time of the Persian wars, as we saw above appear to constitute a common State with the Bisaltae. This is not omofyloys folks. Herodotus tells us that it is indigenous Pelasgians. Katoikoysaan on the Western side of the Struma and North of Bisaltwn. Attributed to these silver coins with display ox head on one side and on the other the Pegasus.

  • Books from which they were taken the information above and which I would recommend for those who would like further information:

History of the town of Serres and his constituents. (C). Kaftantzis (Second volume)
Ancient Geography of Macedonia. M. Dimitsa (Chapter 16 to chapter 21)
Herodotus Histories (By the fifth book and after)
Thucydides (Second and fourth book)
Stephanos Vyzantios National (both books)
Soyidas Dictionary

http://emmanouilpapas.blogspot.gr

“Reethron pure Strymonos” Aeschylus Persians